Match the capital letters representing the following gluconeogenesis with the given parts a, b, c, and so on. P y r u v a t e → A O x a l o a c e t a t e → B M a l a t e → C O x a l o a c e t a t e → D P h o s p h o e n o l p y r u v a t e Concept introduction: The non-carbohydrate precursors are in the process of gluconeogenesis. It is the process of formation of glucose from these precursors. It is found in all animals, plants, fungi , and microorganisms. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and to some extent in the kidney cortex.

Question

X INCORRECT; see section 13.1 Enzymes occasionally display weak "“side" activities. Draw the structure of the product (other than ADP) of the reaction that results when pyruvate kinase, operating in reverse, uses lactate as a substrate. For your structure: 1. Do not include primary or secondary hydrogens. CH2 HO OH Edit Drawing

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Chapter 16, Problem 22P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Match the capital letters representing the following gluconeogenesis with the given parts a, b, c, and so on.

Pyruvate→AOxaloacetate→BMalate→COxaloacetate→DPhosphoenolpyruvate

Concept introduction:

The non-carbohydrate precursors are in the process of gluconeogenesis. It is the process of formation of glucose from these precursors. It is found in all animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and to some extent in the kidney cortex.

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X INCORRECT; see section 13.1 Enzymes occasionally display weak "“side" activities. Draw the structure of the product (other than ADP) of the reaction that results when pyruvate kinase, operating in reverse, uses lactate as a substrate. For your structure: 1. Do not include primary or secondary hydrogens. CH2 HO OH Edit Drawing

G. ENZYME CLASSIFICATION. Identify the main class of enzymes used to catalyzed the following reactions: 1. Lactate dehydrogenase: NADH+H NAD HC-OH CH3 CH Pynnte Lactate 2. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase: CH CH SCOA CH,CH, SCOA coenzyme B12 COO COO methylmalonyl-CoA succinyl-CoA 3. Enolase: 0. H–Ċ–0–P–0- C-0–P-0- + H,0 HO–CH, CH 6 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2-Phosphoglycerate 4. Chymotrypsin: -0–CH,CH3 + H2O - RCOOH + HOCH,CH3 5. Pyruvate carboxylase: coo • co, • ATP + H,0 H-C-H . ADP + P, + 2H čoo CH, Pyruvate Oxaleacetate

2A. Red blood cells synthesize and degrade 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) by a detour of the glycolytic pathway, as shown below: glyeeraldehyde 3-phosphate GAP dehydrogenase 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate bisphosphoglycerate mutase ADP phosphoglycerate kinase 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate ATP 3-phosphoglycerate 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase phosphoglycerate mutase 2-phosphoglycerate (i) The bisphosphoglycerate mutase/2,3-bisphosphoglcerate phosphatase reaction is catalyzed by a single enzyme, BPGM. At alkaline pH, BPGM favors the mutase activity while at lower pH, BPGM favors the phosphatase reaction. Use this information, along with the Bohr effect, to explain in the space below how red blood cells respond to a metabolic defect where a patient experiences chronic, elevated levels of lactic acid. I (ii) Individuals with red blood cell phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency suffer from moderate hemolytic anemia (a condition where red blood cells self-destruct before their normal lifespan). They…