Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134047799
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16, Problem 14PDQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
(A) The gain-of-function and
(B) The loss-of-function, occurring in the two classes of genes (oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes) associated with cancer.
Introduction:
Cancer is known to be caused due to mutation of genes. Mutation generally occurs due to accidental exposure to a carcinogen. Various other factors such as changing lifestyle are also expected to cause cancer.
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Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes undergo gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations? Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, BCL-2, JUN, MDM2, and p16.
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Chapter 16 Solutions
Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
Ch. 16 -
CASE STUDY | I thought it was safe
A middle-aged...Ch. 16 -
CASE STUDY | I thought it was safe
A middle-aged...Ch. 16 -
CASE STUDY | I thought it was safe
A middle-aged...Ch. 16 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on...Ch. 16 -
2. Review the Chapter Concepts list on page 307....Ch. 16 - What is the relationship between signal...Ch. 16 - Where are the major regulatory points in the cell...Ch. 16 -
5. Describe kinases and cyclins. How do they...Ch. 16 - (a) How does pRB function to keep cells at the G1...Ch. 16 - What is the difference between saying that cancer...
Ch. 16 -
8. What is apoptosis, and under what...Ch. 16 - Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutation...Ch. 16 - A genetic variant of the retinoblastoma protein,...Ch. 16 -
11. Part of the Ras protein is associated with...Ch. 16 - If a cell suffers damage to its DNA while in S...Ch. 16 - Prob. 13PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 14PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 15PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 16PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 17PDQCh. 16 - How do normal cells protect themselves from...Ch. 16 - Prob. 19PDQCh. 16 - Explain how environmental agents such as chemicals...Ch. 16 - Radiotherapy (treatment with ionizing radiation)...Ch. 16 - Genetic tests that detect mutations in the BRCA1...Ch. 16 - Prob. 23PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 24PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 25PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 26PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 27PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 28PDQ
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Which of the following is true of tumor suppressor genes? Group of answer choices a) If this gene is overactive, it becomes an oncogene b) If one of the alleles is mutated, there is usually little effect. Two inactivating mutations are usually required for loss of function (recessive mutation). c) If one copy is lost, the gene no longer functions (dominant mutation) d) Tumor suppressors genes usually cause mitosis or cell growth e) Tumor suppressor genes decrease apoptosisarrow_forwardWhich genetic cancer predisposition syndrome is caused by germ-line mutations in the p53 gene and is associated with the early onset of cancers and the development of multiple malignant lesions of diverse tissue origins?arrow_forwardDescribe the underlying causes of epigenetic changes associated with cancer.arrow_forward
- Explain the molecular mechanisms of cancers caused by a P53 gene mutation.arrow_forwardCancer is driven by alterations in the expression of critical genes, namely tumour suppressors, which play a growth-regulatory role, and proto-oncogenes, which promote the growth and survival of the cell. For both classes of cancer-related gene, suggest a likely mechanism of alteration and sketch the consequence for the gene and protein. Tumour suppressor gene (i.e. TP53, PTEN or APC) Oncogene (i.e. RAS, MYC)arrow_forwardName two ways in which loss of p53 function contributes to a malignant phenotype. Explain how benzo(a) pyrene can cause loss of p53 function. Hint: Loss of p53 function occurs in the majority of human tumors.arrow_forward
- D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardian of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. eg Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will…arrow_forwardD) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TPS3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardlan of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing t0o fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will not…arrow_forwardExplain Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level but dominant at the organismal level.arrow_forward
- Identify two genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed. Select the two mechanisms. Identify two genetic mechanisms whereby proto-oncogenes can become overexpressed.Select the two mechanisms. 1) alterations in chromatin structure 2) a gain-of-function alteration 3)modification of proto-oncogenes products 4)mutations that result in an abnormal protein product 5)mutations within gene-regulatory regionsarrow_forwardWhat are the underlying biological mechanisms that differentiate the various types of cancer, and how can a better understanding of these mechanisms lead to more targeted and effective treatments for each specific type of cancer?arrow_forwardMetastasis occurs when cells from a primary tumor invade and colonize other tissues. Metastasis is a complex, multistep process. Tumor cells must lose adhesion with other tumor cells, invade local tissues and vessels, move through the circulation, leave the vessels, and finally, establish new colonies at distant sites. Tumor cells gain the ability to cross epithelial layers and migrate through tissues by mutations, although the nature of the mutations that drive metastasis is poorly understood. Mutations that block expression of the E-cadherin gene are thought to be an important step in metastasis. The absence of E-cadherin expression could affect metastasis by blocking cell adhesion directly, by releasing signaling proteins bound to the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin, or by both mechanisms. To better understand how loss of E-cadherin contributes to metastasis, scientists created two cell lines that differed in their expression of E-cadherin. One cell line was blocked for expression…arrow_forward
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