Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134047799
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16, Problem 11PDQ
Part of the Ras protein is associated with the plasma membrane, and part extends into the cytoplasm. How does the Ras protein transmit a signal from outside the cell into the cytoplasm? What happens in cases where the ras gene is mutated?
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We have studied Ras signal transduction pathway. In an experiment, two different mutations were produced using different chemicals. The proteins with mutation are listed below. State what will be the effect of each mutation and explain whether it will result in cell proliferation or not.
GEF protein
GTPase
5) Briefly explain why the formation of a tumour can pose a risk to a person's homeostasis.
6) The functioning of the "Ras/MAPK" signal transduction pathway is absolutely essential in
order for cells to grow, divide, and migrate.
One important protein that is part of this pathway is BRAF. This protein is a kind of enzyme
called a "kinase" – an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group onto another protein.
In some melanomas, a mutated form of BRAF called BRAF Val600AGlu drives the progression
of the cancer. The drug "vemurafenib" slows the progression of the cancer by slowing the
production of the mutant BRAF protein. (National Cancer Institute. 2019. Types of Cancer Treatment.
Retrieved from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/
Is this an example of a traditional cancer therapy or a targeted therapy? Briefly explain your
reasoning in the space provided, using information provided in the text to support your answer.
Type of therapy (traditional or targeted)?:
Brief…
what are the rolls that the p53 gene and RAS protein take on when trying to stop a cancer cell from further replicating. Also, what would happen if a mutation were to occur in both genes?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
Ch. 16 -
CASE STUDY | I thought it was safe
A middle-aged...Ch. 16 -
CASE STUDY | I thought it was safe
A middle-aged...Ch. 16 -
CASE STUDY | I thought it was safe
A middle-aged...Ch. 16 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on...Ch. 16 -
2. Review the Chapter Concepts list on page 307....Ch. 16 - What is the relationship between signal...Ch. 16 - Where are the major regulatory points in the cell...Ch. 16 -
5. Describe kinases and cyclins. How do they...Ch. 16 - (a) How does pRB function to keep cells at the G1...Ch. 16 - What is the difference between saying that cancer...
Ch. 16 -
8. What is apoptosis, and under what...Ch. 16 - Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutation...Ch. 16 - A genetic variant of the retinoblastoma protein,...Ch. 16 -
11. Part of the Ras protein is associated with...Ch. 16 - If a cell suffers damage to its DNA while in S...Ch. 16 - Prob. 13PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 14PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 15PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 16PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 17PDQCh. 16 - How do normal cells protect themselves from...Ch. 16 - Prob. 19PDQCh. 16 - Explain how environmental agents such as chemicals...Ch. 16 - Radiotherapy (treatment with ionizing radiation)...Ch. 16 - Genetic tests that detect mutations in the BRCA1...Ch. 16 - Prob. 23PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 24PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 25PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 26PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 27PDQCh. 16 - Prob. 28PDQ
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- See figure 12.16b regarding the process by which cyclin regulates the Cdk. Suppose that the cyclin binding site in the Cdk contains these FOUR amino acids in this order from top to bottom: serine, lysine, aspartic acid acid and lysine and the Cdk binding site in the cyclin contains these FOUR amino acids in this order from top to bottom: aspartic acid, aspartic acid, lysine and serine. Use the schematics below to show the R groups and how they might interact to create the cyclin.cdk complex. Label both binding sites, show all charges that will be used to create any bonds, and label all bonds formed and add the ATP active site. Cyclin Serine Lysine Aspartic "Acid Lysine -OH NH3t -Coo NH3+ NH3 + -OH Aspartic Aad Aspartic Acid /Lysine Serine сокarrow_forwardSee figure 12.16b regarding the process by which cyclin regulates the Cdk. Suppose that the cyclin binding site in the Cdk contains these FOUR amino acids in this order from top to bottom: serine, lysine, aspartic acid acid and lysine and the Cdk binding site in the cyclin contains these FOUR amino acids in this order from top to bottom: aspartic acid, aspartic acid, lysine and serine. Use the schematics below to show the R groups and how they might interact to create the cyclin.cdk complex. Label both binding sites, show all charges that will be used to create any bonds, and label all bonds formed and add the ATP active site. A Explain what a kinase does and how the cyclin controls the activity of the Cdk.arrow_forwardD) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TPS3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardlan of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing t0o fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will not…arrow_forward
- D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardian of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. eg Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will…arrow_forwardDescribe the common signal transduction event that is perturbed by cancer-promoting mutations in the genes encoding RAS and NF-1. Why are mutations in RAS more commonly found in cancers than mutations in NF-1?arrow_forwardHow does constitutively active Ras promote cancer?arrow_forward
- What are Ras protein and p53? How can mutations in the genes for these proteins contribute to cancer?arrow_forwardAberrant signaling through the Ras-BRaf-MAPK signal transduction pathway drives many cancers. This makes the pathway an attractive drug target, and many small molecules have been developed that target either Ras, BRaf or MAPK. In malignant melanoma, one mutation in particular, where valine 600 of Braf is mutated to a glutamic acid (V600E), is found in the majority of cases. This mutation makes BRaf activation independent of upstream Ras activity. Would a small molecule that targets Ras be effective in a melanoma case driven by Braf V600E? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardA mutation in the Ras protein renders Ras constitutively active (RasD). What is constitutive activation?arrow_forward
- Briefly describe the following properties of the Ras GTPases: a) Size, structure and cellular localization (for structure I want to know if they are lipidated and any other unique features) , b) How are they activated and inactivated (i.e. include the GEFs and GAPs), c). Give an example of downstream effector proteins, d). Are they or could they be involved in human cancer.arrow_forwardOne important role of Fas and Fas ligand is to mediate the elimination of tumor cells by killer lymphocytes. In a study of 35 primary lung and colon tumors, half the tumors were found to have amplified and overexpressed a gene for a secreted protein that binds to Fas ligand. How do you suppose that overexpression of this protein might contribute to the survival of these tumor cells? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardIs the presence of oncogenic Ras necessary for transient inflammatory stimulation to induce chronic pathologies (such as cancer) OR is chronic inflammation essential for oncogenic Ras to induce tumorigenesis?arrow_forward
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