Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 14, Problem 18CONQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The translation control aimed at preventing initiation of translation with regard to cellular efficiency.
Introduction:
Cellular efficiency is consumption of oxygen, which is used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate and utilize the energy in cellular activity. The process by which ribosome or the endoplasmic reticulum, synthesize protein after the completion of transcription in bacteria is referred to as translation.
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You are observing the translation process in a eukaryotic cell that has been exposed to an unknown toxin. About halfway through synthesizing the protein, you note that elongation is stalled. Upon closer observation you notice the polypeptide is attached to the tRNA in the A-site, while the P site is occupied by an uncharged tRNA. A possible mechanism that is inhibiting translation is:
Question 21 options:
eEF-1βγ (beta-gamma) was inhibited from activating eEF-2.
Peptidyltransferase activity was inhibited.
eEF-2 was inhibited from being activated.
eEF-1βγ (beta-gamma) was inhibited from activating eEF-1α (alpha).
eEF-1α cannot be released from the aminoacyl-tRNA in the A-site.
Translational control is usually aimed at preventing the initiation of translation. With regard to cellular efficiency, why do you think this is the case?
Introns are often very large and the cell has devoted mechanisms of eliminating them once they are excised from the pre-mRNA. Following intron excision, what specific ribonucleolytic enzymes or complexes contribute to eliminating the intron RNA immediately after it is excised from the pre-mRNA? Briefly describe the role of each step/enzyme and how it affects its RNA substrate
Chapter 14 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 14.1 - 1. A repressor is a __________ that _________...Ch. 14.1 - 2. Which of the following combinations will cause...Ch. 14.2 - 1. What is an operon?
a. A site in the DNA where...Ch. 14.2 - The binding of _______ to lac repressor causes lac...Ch. 14.2 - Prob. 3COMQCh. 14.2 - How does exposing an E. coli cell to glucose...Ch. 14.3 - When tryptophan binds to trp repressor, this...Ch. 14.3 - During attenuation, when tryptophan levels are...Ch. 14.3 - Operons involved with the biosynthesis of...Ch. 14.4 - 1. Translation can be regulated by
a....
Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 14.5 - 1. For a riboswitch that controls transcription,...Ch. 14 - 1. What is the difference between a constitutive...Ch. 14 - In general, why is it important to regulate genes?...Ch. 14 - Prob. 3CONQCh. 14 - Transcriptional regulation often involves a...Ch. 14 - An operon is repressible-a small effector molecule...Ch. 14 - Prob. 6CONQCh. 14 - 7. What is enzyme adaptation? From a genetic point...Ch. 14 - Prob. 8CONQCh. 14 - Prob. 9CONQCh. 14 - Prob. 10CONQCh. 14 - Mutations may have an effect on the expression of...Ch. 14 - 12. Would a mutation that inactivated lac...Ch. 14 - Prob. 13CONQCh. 14 - 14. As shown in Figure 14.12, four regions within...Ch. 14 - 15. As described in Chapter 13, enzymes known as...Ch. 14 - 16. The combination of a 3–4 stem-loop and a...Ch. 14 - 17. Mutations in tRNA genes can create tRNAs that...Ch. 14 - Prob. 18CONQCh. 14 - Prob. 19CONQCh. 14 - A species of bacteria can synthesize the amino...Ch. 14 - 21. Using three examples, describe how allosteric...Ch. 14 - How are the actions of lac repressor and trp...Ch. 14 - 23. Transcriptional repressor proteins (e.g., lac...Ch. 14 - Answer the following questions that pertain to the...Ch. 14 - Chapter 21 describes a blotting method known as...Ch. 14 - As described in experimental question E2 and also...Ch. 14 - Prob. 4EQCh. 14 - Explain how the data shown in Figure 14.9 indicate...Ch. 14 - Prob. 6EQCh. 14 - Lets suppose you have isolated a mutant strain of...Ch. 14 - Prob. 1QSDCCh. 14 - Prob. 2QSDC
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Messenger RNA molecules are very difficult to isolate in bacteria because they are rather quickly degraded in the cell. Can you suggest a reason why this occurs? Eukaryotic mRNAs are more stable and exist longer in the cell than do bacterial mRNAs. Is this an advantage or a disadvantage for a pancreatic cell making large quantities of insulin?arrow_forwardDefine, explain, and differentiate between, the processes of transcription and translation. What enzymes or sub-cellular structures are responsible for carrying out these processes?arrow_forwardProtein X is a soluble, secreted protein. It has an N-terminal ER import sequence that allows it to be translocated into the ER during translation. If you altered the sequence of this protein in the following ways, would it affect its final destination? If yes, explain why and what the new destination would be. If not, explain why. 1) You add an ER retention signal to the protein. 2) You add a nuclear localization signal to the end of the protein sequence.arrow_forward
- Transcriptionally active chromatin are generally found near the outer regions of the nucleus near the membrane. true or false?arrow_forwardAn RNA polymer is made by using the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase with equal quantities of CTP and GTP. When this RNA is used in an in vitro translation system, all of the following amino acids could be incorporated into a newly made polypeptide, except: glycine (Gly) histidine (His) proline (pro) alanine (Ala) arginine (Arg)arrow_forwardWhich of the following are examples of post- translational modification (PTM)? (select two answers) Genomic DNA is methylated by a DNA methyltransferase, altering the binding of transcription factors. Glycogen phosphorylase becomes active when phosphorylated by glycogen phosphorylase kinase. Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase as the first step in glycolysis. Ras is active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Caspase 3 is activated when cleaved by capsase 9.arrow_forward
- Which of the following sites would you predict to be present in the gene encoding a MRNA molecule and what would be their order? LIST OF SITES #1 Promoter #2 Ribosome Binding Site #3 Translation Initiation Site #4 Translation Termination Site #5 Transcription Initiation Site #6 Transcription Termination Site O 3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 5 O 1, 3, 2, 5, 6, 4 О 1,5, 2, 3,4, 6 О 1,3, 2,4 О 1,3,4arrow_forwardYou are working in the lab, with a cell-free translational system that contains microsomes. Microsomes are artificial structures derived from pieces of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) formed during tissue homogenization. These microsomes lack the signal recognition particle or SRP. You translate an mRNA that codes for a secretory protein using this system. Which of the following outcomes do you expect? The protein will be synthesized and its signal sequence will be removed The protein will be synthesized and will be incorporated into the microsome O No protein synthesis The protein will be synthesized and will not be incorporated into the microsomearrow_forwardDefine both transcription and translation. In addition, describe the role(s) of each of the following in the processes of gene expression and protein synthesis: DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribosome(s), RNA polymerase, codon, anticodon, amino acid(s) and polypeptide(s). Be detailed in your answer.arrow_forward
- The genetic code was solved partly by the use of in vitro systems to translate synthetic RNAs into peptides. In these systems, ribosomes, amino acids, and buffers that support translation are added and there is no control of where translation begins. AAA = Lys; AUA = Ile; AAU = Asn; UAA = stop. What peptides would NOT be produced in an in vitro system if the following oligonucleotide were added: AAAAAAAAAUAAAAAAAA Select one: a) Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys b) Lys-Lys-Ile-Lys-Lys c) Lys-Lys-Asn-Lys-Lysarrow_forward"I'm interested in learning about diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) and their functional roles. Could you provide insights into several instances of PTMs along with explanations of their mechanisms?"arrow_forwardGTP hydrolysis is used multiple times during the course of protein synthesis to advance the process forward, often irreversibly. Provide an example of a GTP-regulated step and its associated GTP binding factor that regulates a step during A) translation initiation, and also B) one that is associated with the translation elongation phase.arrow_forward
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