Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134813448
Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.
Publisher: Pearson,
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Chapter 10.1, Problem 1CSC
Summary Introduction
To determine: Alleles that are packed in sperm and egg of parents to produce diverse children.
Introduction: Genes are the units of heredity that has coded genetic information inside the chromosomes in the form of
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Evolution takes place through a combination of mechanisms at the level of populations. This process consists of a change in allele frequencies in a population over time. Consider the following scenario: You are observing a population of wild mice that has a dominant allele which produces white-colored fur, while the homozygous recessive alleles result in dark brown fur. Genetic studies have indicated that this gene for fur color follows Mendelian inheritance. Originally, the mice population was comprised of over 80% of white mice in a dark forest environment. As the local fox population increased, you noticed that there were fewer white mice and more brown-colored mice. By the end of your observation period of six months, you notice that brown-colored mice now make up over 60% of the total mice population.
1. Based on this scenario, explain what force of evolution is at work.
2. Are you observing microevolution or macroevolution? Explain your answer.
From your research, you discover that in this species of fish, the allele for black color is dominant to orange color. Based on this research, can you determine the genotype of a black fish just by looking at it? Why or why not?
Yes, because the recessive allele must have been eliminated by the dominant one.
Yes, because the phenotype always expresses all the alleles.
No, because you do not know the DNA sequence.
No, because it could be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
Geneticists study mitochondrial and Y-chromosome DNA to determine the ancestry of modern humans. Such studies have led to the emergence of mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam, whose features above are a far-cry from an artist's interpretation of the Biblical narrative. Their progeny came to have the range of physical features now described as racial differences.
How has modern genomics contributed to the debate about the validity and definition of these hypothetical parents and their descendants?
Chapter 10 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 1CSCCh. 10.1 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 10.1 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 10.1 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 10.2 - What would be the consequences for the resulting...Ch. 10.2 - What would be the genetic consequences for the...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 1CSCCh. 10.2 - describe the steps and outcome of meiotic cell...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 10.3 - explain how meiosis and sexual reproduction...
Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 1HYEWCh. 10.4 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 10.4 - describe some of the human genetic disorders that...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 1TCCh. 10 - Prob. 1MCCh. 10 - Prob. 2MCCh. 10 - Prob. 3MCCh. 10 - Prob. 4MCCh. 10 - Prob. 5MCCh. 10 - Meiotic cell division produces ________ (how many)...Ch. 10 - During ___________ of meiosis 1, paired homologous...Ch. 10 - Prob. 3FIBCh. 10 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 10 - Prob. 5FIBCh. 10 - Prob. 1RQCh. 10 - Prob. 2RQCh. 10 - Prob. 3RQCh. 10 - Describe how meiosis provides for genetic...Ch. 10 - Define nondisjunction, and describe common...Ch. 10 - Many plants car. reproduce sexually or asexually....
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- Geneticists study mitochondrial and Y-chromosome DNA to determine the ancestry of modern humans. Such studies have led to the emergence of mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam, whose features above are a far-cry from an artist's interpretation of the Biblical narrative. Their progeny came to have the range of physical features now described as racial differences. How has modern genomics contributed to the debate about the validity and definition of these hypothetical parents and their descendants? References:arrow_forwardEye colors are passed down through generations, but sometimes genetic variations can lead to surprising results in eye colors (dark eye color, still rocks!?) Some examples are found below. Is there truth behind the following? Provide explanations for your answer. Two parents with blue eyes cannot have a brown-eyed child and vice-versa. Eyes with more than one color stems from parents with two different eye colors. People with violet eyes are mutants. People with red or pinkish eye color can have dark-eyed parents.arrow_forwardTay-Sachs disease is a recessive genetic disease. Individuals with this disease rarely survive past the age of four. In the general population, approximately 1 person in 300 carries the allele for this disease. However, in some populations, including the Irish Americans, the Ashkenazi Jews and the Cajuns from Louisiana, the proportion of Tay-Sachs carriers is much higher (1 in 27 to 1 in 50) than in other populations. Which evolutionary scenario can be predicted to produce a high frequency of Tay-Sachs disease in these populations? Select one: a. All three populations descend from a small number of settlers b. The Tay-Sachs allele is advantageous at the heterozygous state c. These populations experienced disruptive selection d. These populations experienced stabilizing selection e. These populations have higher than average mutation ratesarrow_forward
- A branching interconnected diagram that shows the relationships and traits of members of a family is called a... Genealogy Pedigree Ancestor Tree Genetic Phenotype Line Assuming only two eye colors exist in a salamander population--red and black. Individuals with black eyes have at least one copy of allele "B", and individuals with red eyes have two copies of the allele "b". In this scenario: The "B" allele is dominant to the "b" allele. The "b" allele is codominant to the "B" allele The "B" and "b" alleles are incompletely dominant to each other The "B" allele is recessive to the "b" allele A diploid cell may have two different ________________ of the same ______________. genes...alleles alleles...genes chromosomes...parent parents...chromosome After fertilization, the fertilized egg cell contains pairs of chromosomes…arrow_forwardIn humans, there is a gene called sickle-cell anemia, which produces severe anemia when homozygous recessive. The name of the disease comes from the fact that many red blood cells take on abnormal sickle shape. People homozygous recessive for this trait usually die before adulthood. Heterozygous people appear normal, but when a sample of the blood is held under low oxygen concentration, the red cells take on the sickle shape. A young woman about to be married is concerned about her future children because her brother died of sickle-cell anemia. A sample of her blood sickles under low oxygen concentration, but that red blood of her perspective husband remains normal. What can you say about the woman and the man, and about their future children? HINT: Use Punnett square to help you and receive full creditarrow_forwardIn humans, there is a gene called sickle-cell anemia, which produces severe anemia when homozygous recessive. The name of the disease comes from the fact that many red blood cells take on abnormal sickle shape. People homozygous recessive for this trait usually die before adulthood. Heterozygous people appear normal, but when a sample of the blood is held under low oxygen concentration, the red cells take on the sickle shape. A young woman about to be married is concerned about her future children because her brother died of sickle-cell anemia. A sample of her blood sickles under low oxygen concentration, but that red blood of her perspective husband remains normal. What can you say about the woman and the man, and about their future children?arrow_forward
- Some genetic disorders are caused by autosomal recessive alleles. Many such alleles are recessive lethals, causing lethality very early in life (say, before the age of 20 yrs). Intuitively one might suggest that selection working on human population should completely remove such alleles from the population. Yet, there are many examples of such lethal genetic disorders occurring in low frequency in several human populations. Why is it almost impossible to completely remove these seemingly fitness-detrimental alleles from the population? Under what condition, extinction of such an allele from a population can be achieved?arrow_forwardTwo genes, U and H, affect wing development in a species of flying pigs, where some pigs have wings and some do not. Only pigs with the genotype uuhh have wings; pigs of any other genotype do not have wings. Which of the following best describes this scenario? Dominant epistasis of U over H Duplicate dominant epistasis Dominant epistasis of H over U Recessive epistasis of H over U Recessive epistasis of U over H Duplicate recessive epistasisarrow_forwardGlobal warming is causing more and more ice to melt each year at far-northern latitudes, exposing more bare ground than ever before. These vast areas of brown ground coloration make polar bears (which are white) much more conspicuous to their prey. Recently, an infant polar bear was born with brown fur. This polar bear survived to adulthood and has sired several offspring with brown fur. Which of the following is a plausible explanation of how the brown fur trait appeared in these polar bears? (a) A polar bear realized it would be better to be brown in order to hide more effectively. It induced mutations to occur in its fur pigment gene, which resulted in a change in pigment from white to brown fur. (b) One or more random mutations occurred in the fur pigment gene in an individual polar bear embryo, which resulted in a change in pigment from white to brown fur. (c) Increased temperatures due to global warming caused targeted mutations in the fur pigment gene in an individual polar bear…arrow_forward
- A form of learning disabilities and speech impairment results from a recessive mutation in the HERC2 gene. The next 4 questions are about this mutation. In a small Amish village in Ohio, about 5 per 1000 births are affected with this disorder. Assume Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. What is the frequency of the dominant WT HERC2 allele in this small village? A form of learning disabilities and speech impairment results from a recessive mutation in the HERC2 gene. The next 4 questions are about this mutation. Part a: In a small Amish village in Ohio, about 5 per 1000 births are affected with this disorder. Assume Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. What is the frequency of the dominant WT HERC2 allele in this small village? a)0.005 b)0.995 c)0.07 d)0.93 Part b: What is the estimated total number of homozygous dominant individuals in this village of 1000 people? a) 70 b) 930 c) 860 d) 140arrow_forwardSickle cell anemia is caused by a recessive allele at a single gene. As we discussed in class, being a homozygote for the sickle cell allele is almost always lethal, but heterozygotes tend to be resistant against malaria although they have a mild form of anemia. Because of this heterozygote advantage, the allele for sickle cell anemia has a frequency of more than 10% in some human populations. How would present allele frequencies of the sickle cell allele change, if there was no heterozygote advantage or disadvantage (that is, that heterozygotes would be identical to ‘normal’ homozygotes – no malaria resistance, no anemia)? How would the change in sickle cell allele frequencies compare to scenario a (extirpation of malaria)arrow_forwardIn your own words, define the terms “orthologous” and “paralogous” genes. Then, briefly suggest by what mechanism, during evolution, each of these homologous gene types is most likely to have arisen.arrow_forward
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Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY