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Q: Explain why IgM cannot activate complement by itself.
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Q: Briefly explain the four stages of Complement Cascade.
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Some bacterial cells avoid the killing effects of activated complement proteins. How might they do this?
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- Which of the following component is the first involved in the classical complement activation pathway? Explain your answer. a) MASP-2 b) C1q c) Bb d) MACWhich of the following complement components are generated during the classical pathway and bind independently to the membrane surface promoting immune adherence and opsonizing effects? C3b O C3d O C1q O C2Which pathway of complement activation is depicted in this figure?
- Mannose binding lectins (MBL) and ficolins are the two classes of proteins that can initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation. These proteins are selective for activating complement on the surfaces of microbial pathogens rather than host cells because: Their higher-order oligomeric structure can be assembled only after the monomers first bind to pathogen membranes. They only recruit MASP (MBL-associated serine proteases) proteins when bound to pathogen surfaces and not when bound to host cells. They only undergo the conformational change needed to activate MASP proteins when bound to a pathogen and not when bound to a host cell. They only bind to carbohydrate side chains and oligosaccharide modifications found on pathogen surfaces but not on host cell membranes. The activated MASP proteins are rapidly inactivated by hydrolysis when present on the surface of a host cell.What is complement activation in the biological sensePatients with recurrent infections of Neisseria meningitidis, an extracellular bacterial pathogen that causes meningitis, were examined to determine the underlying cause of their immunodeficiency. A subset of these patients were found to have defects in complement activation on the bacterial surface, a process that for this bacterium is dominated by alternative complement activation leading to C3b deposition on the pathogen surface. When neutrophils from these patients were examined in vitro, the results, in the figure below, were obtained. Based on these data, the identity of the green neutrophil mediator in the figure below is likely to be: Complement factor B The C3 convertase Factor P (properdin) C3b Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
- The terminal complement proteins polymerize to form pores in membranes that can kill certain pathogens. The terminal components of the complement pathway assemble to form a membrane attack complex that can induce pathogen lysis and death. Yet, evidence indicates that this feature of complement is less important than the earlier steps that promote pathogen opsonization and induce inflammation. This conclusion is based on: In vitro experiments showing that very few species of bacteria are susceptible to lysis by the membrane attack complex Experiments indicating that only bacteria, but not viruses or fungi, are susceptible to lysis by the membrane attack complex The very low levels of terminal complement components in the serum The fact that other mammalian species lack the terminal components of the complement pathway needed to form the membrane attack complex The limited susceptibility to infections of patients with deficiencies in terminal complement components4) A patient has their spleen removed due to an accident. How will this affect the immune response? 5) You come in contact with staphylococci through a cut. What cellular features will the immune cells recognize? 6) Name two opsonins and how do these molecules help the immune response? 7) Fever is part of the inflammatory process. What is the role of fever during an immune response? 8) This chemical is used to induce anti-viral responses in cells to protect the cells from viral infections. 9) This complement activation pathway is activated when complement binds to an antibody bound to antigens.Both antibodies and particular complement proteins, such as c3b, are capable of aiding phagocytes in attaching to bacteria. What term best describes these? O 1) opsonins O 2) haptens O 3) pyogens O 4) perforins
- Which complement control protein would you consider to be the most detrimental to lose?what will happen to the human body system when a microorganism invading the body lacks the inherent ability to activate complement or bind to phagocytes.What will happen to the human immune system when a microorganism invading the body lacks the inherent ability to activate complement or bind to phagocytes?