Answered: Describe briefly the three effector…

Describe briefly the three effector functions of complement activation that result from the initial event of complement protein binding to peptidoglycans or LPS

Human Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305112100

Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Chapter9: Immunity And Disease

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2SQ: Complement proteins function in defense by _______. a. neutralizing toxins b. enhancing resident...

See similar textbooks

Related questions

Q: The terminal complement proteins polymerize to form pores in membranes that can kill certain…

A: The correct answer is 5. The limited susceptibility to infections of patients with deficiencies in…

Q: Which of the following is not true about the complementsystem?(a) It is a set of more than 20…

A: The complement system is otherwise known as complement cascade and is associated with the immune…

Q: explain the mechanisms of immunoglobulin proteins.

A: Immunoglobulin is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans,…

Q: Describe the requirements for activation of helper T cells by macrophages. Explain how helper T…

A: T cells or T lymphocytes play a significant role in cell-mediated adaptive immunity. The cytotoxic T…

Q: Explain the effect of the following changes in the structure of the immunoglobulin G and its…

A: Immunoglobulins are Y-shaped proteins that are made up of glycoproteins. These are produced by…

Q: Pathogens produce several types of proteins that can inhibit complement activation. The importance…

A: Complement activation is one of the most important ways of innate immune system, to get rid of…

Q: Outline and describe the steps of Classical pathway of complement activation; from initiation to…

A: The complement system is part of the body’s immune system. The complement system consists of…

Q: Explain the mechanism underlying the molecular structure of C7, C8, and C9 complement protein

A: The complement system consist of 35 proteins found within the plasma or sure to host cells, forms an…

Q: Contrast the pathways of complement activation.

A: The complement system consists of about thirty serum proteins and also some cell surface…

Q: Complement is an integral part of the innate immune response to bacteria . One of its mechanisms of…

A: The complement system is made up of about 30 serum proteins and glycoproteins. It plays an important…

Q: Explain in detail differences between complement protein and complement regulatory protein?

A: The immune system is involved in protecting the body from pathogens such as viruses and bacteria,…

Q: Which complement chemotactic component has properties? а. Cla с. C4a d. C5a b. C2a е. Сба

Q: Briefly explain the immunological responses to bacterial superantigens and explain how they differ…

A: By the Bartleby guidelines, only one question can be answered at at time. The first question has…

Q: Describe the complement system. Is the order ofprotein interactions important? Why or why…

A: Since its disclosure in the nineteenth century, the complement system has formed into a clinically…

Q: Some bacterial cells avoid the killing effects of activated complement proteins. How might they do…

A: In the destruction of pathogenic organisms by directing the antibodies towards the destruction of…

Q: The least abundant immunoglobulin is IgE, for a good reason. Explain what the reason might be

A: Immune responses can be either innate or adaptive. Innate immunity is the inborn resistance, while…

Q: Which of the following activities leads to the redness of inflammation? Group of answer choices…

A: Inflammation is the response of the immune system of the body to potentially harmful factors like…

Q: Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity. Include three similarities in terms of cell…

A: Answer. Three similarities between innate and adaptive immune system are given in the following…

Q: Describe the mechanism of the classical complement pathway and discuss the critical role that the…

A: Introduction :- One of three pathways that activate the complement system, which is part of the…

Q: Which of these innate defenses would be most inhibited by antibiotic use?

A: Innate immunity is non-specific immunity. It is present since birth. Memory is absent in innate…

Q: rue/False: Several pathogens produce proteins, either membrane-bound or secreted, that inactivate…

A: The organisms that cause the disease to any human is known as the pathogen. The organism a…

Q: Although homozygous deficiencies in complement regulatory proteins cause serious diseases, more…

A: The proteins that interact with complement system components are known as complement regulatory…

Q: Compare and contrast Complement with Immunoglobulins. Include a discussion comparing the four…

A: Complement is a set of plasma proteins that comprise a complement system or complement cascade,…

Q: Multiple pathways for regulating complement activation limit the potential damage caused by…

A: The complement pathway is a complicated process that aids in the eradication or suppression of…

Q: The classical complement pathway is initiated by C1q binding to the surface of a pathogen. In some…

A: The process of the complement system circulate in an inactive form, but in response to the…

Q: What are the major cells involved in eliciting the actions of adaptive immunity? Explain briefly and…

Q: What triggers the alternative pathway for complement activation?

A: Complementation is a phenomenon that is observed in our immune system which increases the ability…

Q: Complement components and the C-reactive protein are some of the acute phase reactants. Aside from…

A: Acute phase proteins are group of that plasma proteins which are produced in liver and functions to…

Q: Explain the steps in the alternative complement pathway at a single site.

A: Complement is a component of the innate immune system that plays a role in leukocyte opsonization,…

Q: Many cells in the human body have proteins on the surface that are able to interact with the…

A: Introduction Autoimmunity is defined as the inability of the body to distinguish between self and…

Q: What are TLRS? How does this work to ensure to prevent pathogens to cause diseases? Where are the…

A: The innate immune system is the first line of protection in opposition to pathogens, which is…

Q: Two of the major actions of complement are a. increased inflammatory response and cytolysis. b.…

A: The complement system gets activated when it comes in contact with the antibody molecule that is…

Q: The primary role of complement control proteins that operate in the early stages of complement…

A: In response to antigenic stimulation, antibodies are produced which are immunoglobulins. The…

Q: Discuss three mechanism by which antibody mediate the destruction of pathogen.

A: Antibody An antibody(Ab) is a large protein molecules. The structure of antibody molecule is Y…

Q: Examples of PAMPs include. check all that apply Toll receptorsunchecked…

A: When a pathogenic microorganism enters our body it causes infection, to protect from that our immune…

Q: Discuss the importance of the host complement response

A: 1-The importance of the host complement response is that it act as a defence mechanism for…

Q: Differentiate between humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immunities. Describe how both immunities…

A: In the immune system, there are two types of immunity which are present. One is innate immunity,…

Q: Describe Two Features of phagocytes that are essential in their response to microbial invasion.

A: Introduction Innate immunity is a natural genotype-based system of defense elements with which an…

Q: Describe the initiation and activation of classical complement pathway.

A: Compliments are a group of thermo labile enzymetic proteins found in the serum and body fluid and…

Q: Describe the control of the alternate pathway of complement activation.

A: Complement system is made up of large number of proteins that are present in the plasma. Complement…

Q: What is the only known effect of deficiencies in complement components C5–C9? Explain this effect.

A: Introduction: The innate humoral immune system relies heavily on the complement system. The…

Q: Briefly explain the four stages of Complement Cascade.

A: The immune system is the portion of the body responsible for fighting against infections. They…

Q: Pathogens have evolved a number of ways to "thwart" adaptive immunity. Describe two mechanisms used…

A: Adaptive immunity Adaptive immunity is defined as immunity that is developed due to an encounter…

Q: Distinguish between naturally acquired passive immunity and artificially acquired passive immunity.…

A: Immunity is a state of resistance of an organism to invading biotic or abiotic pathogens and their…

Q: Explain why the processes of T-lymphocytes are collectively called the cellmediated branch of…

A: The adaptive immune response refer to an initial infection takes much longer to form than the innate…

Q: State whether each of the following statements is True Or False. If it is False, explain why. (i)…

A: 1) Nucleated cells tends to be more resistant to compliment mediated lysis than red blood cells?…

Q: Describe the steps in the classical complement pathway making sure to include the three ways the…

A: In immunology, complement is a complicated system of around 30 proteins that work together to help…

Concept explainers

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.

Question

Describe briefly the three effector functions of complement activation that result from the initial event of complement protein binding to peptidoglycans or LPS

Expert Solution

This question has been solved!

Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.

This is a popular solution!

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Step 1

VIEW

Step 2

VIEW

Step 3

VIEW

Trending now

This is a popular solution!

Step by step

Solved in 3 steps with 3 images

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Knowledge Booster

Learn more about

Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.

Similar questions

Multiple pathways for regulating complement activation limit the potential damage caused by complement deposition on host cells or caused by the spontaneous activation of complement proteins in the plasma. Genetic deficiencies in these mechanisms often lead to chronic inflammatory diseases, but in some cases can paradoxically lead to increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. This latter outcome may occur because: Complement regulatory proteins have dual functions in inhibiting and promoting complement activation. Uncontrolled complement activation leads to the depletion of serum complement proteins. The inhibition of the membrane attack complex by complement regulatory proteins normally leads to enhanced activation of the early steps of the complement pathway. Complement regulatory proteins normally cause the rapid depletion of plasma complement factors. Uncontrolled complement activation recruits the majority of phagocytic cells, leaving few remaining to fight infections in…
TLR-4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD-2 and CD14. Stimulation of the nucleic acid sensing TLRs that reside in endosomal membranes induces the production of a different cytokine response than is produced by stimulation of the plasma membrane TLRs. In part, this distinction is based on the different adapter proteins used by the nucleic acid sensing TLRs, leading to the activation of IRF factors. The cytokine response following stimulation of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs is characterized by production of: The antiviral cytokine, type I interferon TNF-a, which induces increased vascular permeability Antimicrobial peptides by macrophages Chemokines that recruit neutrophils The inflammatory complement fragments, C3a and C5a
Provide an example of one complement control protein that controls C3b. State whether it is a plasma or membrane-bound protein and how it would impact the body if that particular control protein was underactive.
The terminal complement proteins polymerize to form pores in membranes that can kill certain pathogens. The terminal components of the complement pathway assemble to form a membrane attack complex that can induce pathogen lysis and death. Yet, evidence indicates that this feature of complement is less important than the earlier steps that promote pathogen opsonization and induce inflammation. This conclusion is based on: In vitro experiments showing that very few species of bacteria are susceptible to lysis by the membrane attack complex Experiments indicating that only bacteria, but not viruses or fungi, are susceptible to lysis by the membrane attack complex The very low levels of terminal complement components in the serum The fact that other mammalian species lack the terminal components of the complement pathway needed to form the membrane attack complex The limited susceptibility to infections of patients with deficiencies in terminal complement components
Describe the complement system. Is the order ofprotein interactions important? Why or why not?Identify the components of the mannose-binding lectinpathway for complement activation.
During inflammaion, host tissue may be damaged owing to the release of toxic oxygen derivatives produced by activated phagocytes. List some of hese toxic species and explain what cellular/biochemical mechanisms limit these damaging off-target effects.
Describe the mechanism of the classical complement pathway and discuss the critical role that the split products of C3 and other complement proteins play in the elimination of bacteria.
Although homozygous deficiencies in complement regulatory proteins cause serious diseases, more subtle alterations in the balance of complement activation versus inhibition have been found to contribute to disease susceptibility. Describe the genetic evidence linking subtle alterations in complement regulatory proteins to disease susceptibility.
Mannose binding lectins (MBL) and ficolins are the two classes of proteins that can initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation. These proteins are selective for activating complement on the surfaces of microbial pathogens rather than host cells because: Their higher-order oligomeric structure can be assembled only after the monomers first bind to pathogen membranes. They only recruit MASP (MBL-associated serine proteases) proteins when bound to pathogen surfaces and not when bound to host cells. They only undergo the conformational change needed to activate MASP proteins when bound to a pathogen and not when bound to a host cell. They only bind to carbohydrate side chains and oligosaccharide modifications found on pathogen surfaces but not on host cell membranes. The activated MASP proteins are rapidly inactivated by hydrolysis when present on the surface of a host cell.
IgM antibodies are much more efficient than IgG at activating the complement cascade. However, under certain circumstances, IgG antibodies will activate the complement pathway. One example of a situation in which IgG binding to its antigen will not trigger the complement cascade is when the IgG antibodies are neutralizing a bacterial toxin protein by blocking the receptor-attachment site on the toxin. the IgG antibodies are binding self-antigens, such as chromatin released from dead cells. the IgG antibodies bind to a bacterial surface by recognizing a repetitive polysaccharide component of the bacterial capsule. the IgG antibodies bind to a viral capsid protein that is present in more than 100 copies on the viral particle surface.
Describe in chronological order the steps involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to infected tissue sites during an innate immune response. Use the following terms in your description: rolling adhesion, tight binding, extravasation, migration, inflammatory mediators, integrins, adhesion molecules, chemokines, selectins, sialyl-Lewisx, and basement membrane proteases.
Complement is an integral part of the innate immune response to bacteria . One of its mechanisms of action is to behave as an anaphylatoxin Describe the anaphylatoxic effects of complement identifying which components are activated.