All of the following are characteristic of mannose-binding lectin except Select one: a. acts as an opsonin by binding to mannose-containing carbohydrates of pathogens b. synthesized by hepatocytes C. induced by elevated IL-6 levels d. a member of the collectin family triggers the alternative pathway of complement activation. e.

Q: IgM antibodies are much more efficient than IgG at activating the complement cascade. However, under…

A: IgG and IgM are types of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection. The…

Q: Explain classification of interferon’s based on the type of receptor through which signaling takes…

A: Interferons are produced by the cells which are infected by the viruses. These cells signal the…

Q: Name two possible functions of CD8a+ dendritic cells that could account for the results seen in the…

A: Dendritic cells  Dendritic cells are a sort of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that structure a…

Q: Type I interferons help fight against intracellular infection. Explain how it functions, what type…

A: The diseases that can be spread via air, water, or any other medium from an infected to a healthy…

Q: What is the effect of the changes in the structure of the immunoglobulin G and its function of…

A: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are large globular proteins with a molecular weight of about 150…

Q: Shigella, Mycobacterium, and numerous other pathogens have developed mechanisms that prevent them…

A: Pathogens have developed several methods to evade the immune mechanisms of the host. Evasion of the…

Q: Describe briefly the three effector functions of complement activation that result from the initial…

A:

Q: In the laboratory you observe that IL-4 stimulates the proliferation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells…

A: Introduction: Cytokines are a group of proteins that serve as chemical messengers and are secreted…

Q: Define plakophilin-2).

A: Plakophilin-2 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the PKP2 Gene. It is expressed in skin and…

Q: In general terms, what role do cytokines play in the development of immunity? How does this compare…

A: Detailed explanation: CytokinesCytokines are a broad category of small proteins that are secreted by…

Q: Several classes of LDLreceptor mutations have been identified as causes of this disease. Suppose…

A: Any alternation in the sequence of nucleotide in the genome of any organism is known as mutation.…

Q: Complement is an integral part of the innate immune response to bacteria . One of its mechanisms of…

A: The complement system is made up of about 30 serum proteins and glycoproteins. It plays an important…

Q: Figure shows a series of events for the response in innate immune defense. a)State ONE main event…

A: Innate immunity is an immunity that is present during the birth of an individual. It is also known…

Q: Describe the interaction between a dendritic cell and a helper T cell that can recognize an Ebola…

A: Antigens are foreign elements that stimulate the production of antibodies by activation of the…

Q: The five classes of immunoglobulin differ in ….   Select one: a. None of the above b. Ability to…

A: Immunoglobulins are the antibodies that are produced from B-lymphocytes of plasma cells.…

Q: Describe the complement system. Is the order ofprotein interactions important? Why or why…

A: Since its disclosure in the nineteenth century, the complement system has formed into a clinically…

Q: Describe mechanisms to explain why not all of the anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies would induce…

A: The endocrine system commands and coordinates the complex actions of the body by secreting chemical…

Q: Which pathway(s) of complement initiation/activation would you expect to occur earlier in response…

A: Introduction  The immune response is the process by which the body recognizes and defends itself…

Q: Some bacterial cells avoid the killing effects of activated complement proteins. How might they do…

A: In the destruction of pathogenic organisms by directing the antibodies towards the destruction of…

Q: How can C3b be both a product of complement activation and an activator of the complement system?

A: In a complement system, the presence of foreign pathogens triggers the C3 protein.

Q: In a study, melanoma patients who developed vitiligo, lived longer than those who did not. The…

A: Melanoma It is defined as the type of skin cancer in which melanocytes are affected and cause…

Q: 6. Which two cytokines are the major cause of septic shock?

A: Septic shock is a serious problem that can happen when a disease in the body causes very low blood…

Q: Complement receptors and Fc receptors both contribute to removal of immune complexes from the…

A: The immune system is spread throughout the body and involves many types of cells and tissues and…

Q: Different hypersensitive responses can result from a bee sting. What type of hypersensitivity could…

A: i) This case is of hypersensitivity type 1 as the effect disappears within an hour and does not get…

Q: Which of the following is true about complement? Check all that apply. Three pathways of…

A:

Q: Multiple pathways for regulating complement activation limit the potential damage caused by…

A: The complement pathway is a complicated process that aids in the eradication or suppression of…

Q: List 3 ways that limit the effects of IL-2 to the intended target cells?

A: A cytokine called interleukin-2 (IL-2) is involved in controlling immunological reactions. To reduce…

Q: Ingestion of complement-tagged pathogens by phagocytes is mediated by receptors for the bound…

A: INTRODUCTION The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system…

Q: What are TLRS? How does this work to ensure to prevent pathogens to cause diseases? Where are the…

A: The innate immune system is the first line of protection in opposition to pathogens, which is…

Q: TLR-4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD-2…

A: TLR is a toll-like receptor. It is a class of pattern recognition molecules that function as a…

Q: The formation of the C3 convertase is a key step in complement activation that occurs in all three…

A: The complementary system occurs in the cascade of reactions which is a part of the immune system. It…

Q: Individuals infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) mount protective antibody responses directed…

A: The complement system of our innate immunity depends on the protein C3. C3 is another name for the…

Q: T cells in the thymus are determined to be T helper cells or T killer cells while undergoing…

A: The immune system is a complicated physiological system comprised of several organs, tissues, and…

Q: Based on the figure presented in attachment what is the most likely ligand for TLR-XX? Be as…

A: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are proteins found on the surface of immune system cells that play an…

Q: How does IL-2 affect T-cells? Select all the mechanisms in T-cells that utilize IL-2 Select one or…

A: Introduction  Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a type of cytokine and it acts as a signaling molecule in our…

Q: Complexes of IgG bound to soluble multivalent antigens can activate the classical pathway on the…

A: Introduction :- One of three mechanisms that activate the complement system, a component of the…

Q: Which of the following are true of interferons? Select all that apply. O They are a critical part of…

A: In the inflammatory response to infections, interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by a number of…

Q: Which of the following is false about innate immune receptors? A. They are encoded by intact genes…

A: Innate immunity is the immunity that involves protective barriers. They prevent the entry of foreign…

Q: The following are characteristics of innate immune receptors except A. trigger immediate response…

A: Innate immunity is a nonspecific immune response having physical, physiological, cellular, and…

Q: Inhibitory receptors on lymphocytes down-regulate immune responses by recruiting protein or lipid…

A: B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are part of adaptive immunity, which is antigen-specific and…

Q: Describe some intracellular host macromolecules that may be bound by steroid molecules to prevent an…

A: A biological system called the immune system is in charge of identifying and eliminating foreign…

Q: Individuals infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) mount protective antibody responses directed…

A: 1. The alternative route is activated by Thr hydrolysis of C3 on the cell surface. In opsonization…

Q: Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or…

A: Neutralizing antibodies play a vital part in our immune reaction to pathogens. They are a sort of…

Q: In studies of skin grafts, thymectomized mice (their thymus has been removed) are often used

A: Humoral immunity is also known as antibody mediated immunity. The B cells undergo differentiation to…

Q: PAMPS, TLRs, interferon

A: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus which attacks the human (body's) immune system.   it…

Q: The B-cell co-receptor, composed of CD19/CD21/CD81, is a receptor that binds to complement fragments…

A: A co-receptor is a type of cell surface receptor that functions by binding a signaling molecule in…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.