1. What is mutation? Explain the random and site-directed mutagenesis methods .Which one is preferred in the laboratory and why? 2. Give two differences between the random and the site directed mutagenesis. 3. Explain the uses of site directed mutagenesis 4. Elaborate the various type of site directed mutagenesis
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- 1. How would you determine experimentally mutagenesis caused by stress? 2. What are the evolutionary advantages associated with stress-induced mutagenesis? 3. How do bacteria cope with mutagenesis? List and explain at least three way. Identify and briefly describe three of the processes by which deami- nation of DNA-cytosine residues by AIID could lead to mutagenesis.Choose correct option and do explain plz. 1. The protein complex that helps RNA polymerase to cross nucleosomes during extension is:a. SWI-SNFb. poly A polymerasac. TFIISd. FACT 2. The polydenylation is carried out by:a. primaseb. polymers poly ac. a reverse transcriptased. adenylyltransferase 3. The lactose operon produces a polycistronic mRNA that includes four genes: Lacl, LacZ, LacY and LacA. True or false?
- E17. Gene mutagenesis is also used to explore the structure and function of proteins. For example, changes can be made to the coding sequence of a gene to determine how alterations in the amino acid sequence affect the function of a protein. Let's suppose that you are interested in the functional importance of a particular glutamic acid (an amino acid) within a protein you are studying. By site-directed mutagenesis, you make mutant proteins in which this glutamic acid codon has been changed to other codons. You then test the encoded mutant proteins for functionality. The results are as follows: Functionality (%) Normal protein 100 Mutant proteins containing Тугosine Phenylalanine 3 Aspartic acid 94 Glycine From these results, what would you conclude about the functional significance of this glutamic acid within the protein?. Analysis of p53 gene mutations in human tumors shows that a large proportion of these mutations involve GC→ AT transitions origi- nating at sites of DNA methylation. Propose a model to explain pref- erential mutagenesis of this type at these sites.1. Explain the anti-apoptotic role of telomerase and telomeres. In which cell type telomerase is normally expressed? Understand the pathway of cellular response to DNA damage; main players of this pathway such as p53 and p21, how they get activated and what is their function in the pathway. 2. Explain role of Apoptosis during embryo development and during metamorphosis. 3. Explain the main players of apoptosis – caspases (their active site, what site they target during cleavage, role of initiator caspases vs executioner caspases).
- 5 5 S 6 5 5 5 6 U 6 U 6 5:14 PM | 0.2KB/s HHHHH R R U RUUR ARU AP AP R U U R R AP R R R AP MOLECULAR...GENETICS. Describe gene regulation at transcription level. Explain the role of antsense RNA in control mechanism. Describe translational control mechanisms. Describe common DNA damages. Distinguish excision and mismatch repair. Describe the role of recA protein in recombination repair Elaborate on SOS repair mechanism. Define thymine dimer. How are they formed and repaired? Describe the molecular basis of mutation. 11 Leu+ Met+ Arg+ Write a detailed note on spontaneous mutation. Explain about mutant detection methods. Define reverse mutation. Describe the mechanism underlying Intragenic and intergenic suppressor mutations Describe the transposition mechanisms. 13 Vo LTE UNIT IV Time (Min) Describe the process of generalised transformation occurring in bacterial chromosome and plasmid. Elaborate on molecular mechanism and significance of transformation 22 Describe the process of…1. Below is the abstract from a journal article "De novo methylation of CpG island sequences in human fibroblasts overexpressing DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase" by Vertino et al. Read it and answer the following questions. Recent studies showing a correlation between the levels of DNA (cytosine-5-)- methyltransferase (DNA MTase) enzyme activity and tumorigenicity have implicated this enzyme in the carcinogenic process. Moreover, hypermethylation of CpG island-containing promoters is associated with the inactivation of genes important to tumor initiation and progression. One proposed role for DNA MTase in tumorigenesis is therefore a direct role in the de novo methylation of these otherwise unmethylated CpG islands. In this study, we sought to determine whether increased levels of DNA MTase could directly affect CpG island methylation. A full-length CDNA for human DNA MTase driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter was w ww constitutively expressed in human bro lasts. Individual…a. What are all the transversions that can be made starting with the codon CGG?b. Which of these transversions will be missense? Can you be sure?
- 1. Below is the abstract from a journal article “De novo methylation of CpG island sequences in human fibroblasts overexpressing DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase” by Vertino et al. Read it and answer the following questions. Recent studies showing a correlation between the levels of DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase (DNA MTase) enzyme activity and tumorigenicity have implicated this enzyme in the carcinogenic process. Moreover, hypermethylation of CpG island-containing promoters is associated with the inactivation of genes important to tumor initiation and progression. One proposed role for DNA MTase in tumorigenesis is therefore a direct role in the de novo methylation of these otherwise unmethylated CpG islands. In this study, we sought to determine whether increased levels of DNA MTase could directly affect CpG island methylation. A full-length cDNA for human DNA MTase driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter was constitutively expressed in human fibroblasts. Individual clones…An EMS mutagenesis screen identified several mutants in this gene. The figure shows the position of two of these mutations a and b. The ucleotides are altered in these 2 different swo-1 mutant alleles. Use the genetic table to describe any AA changes. Name the type of mutation and describe its effect on swo-1 mRNA and protein for each of the mutations 5. The swo-1 a mutation leads to worms with more body wall muscle, whereas worms with the swo-1 b mutation are not able to move. Based on these phenotypes and the findings from questions 3 and 4, describe the role thewild-type version of this protein plays in muscle function.Matching type Choices are in the picture 6. RF1 and RF2 recognize the three bases to terminate the process 7. CAAT box is found 80 nucleotides from the actual site 8. rho factor and sequence of uracil in a loop conclude the process 9. sigma factor binds to RNA polymerase in the promoter region 10. methionine is removed