Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780321934925
Author: Jeff Hardin, Gregory Paul Bertoni
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 9.8CC
Why are the key regulatory enzymes in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis unique to each pathway? Why is there reciprocal regulation of these enzymes?
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a) Identify three differences between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
b) Why should we avoid just seeing these processes of reversals of each other?
Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) catalyzes the interconversion of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) and 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways.
a) To what enzyme class does PGM belong?
b) There are two distinct classes of PGM, one which is dependent on 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), dPGM, and one which is not, iPGM. dPGM uses acid base chemistry and a phosphorylated histidine residue to interconvert 3PG and 2PG. The dPGM reaction proceeds with formation of 2,3-BPG as an intermediate. Propose a mechanism for the dPGM-catalyzed conversion of 3PG to 2PG that is consistent with this information.
c) What is the purpose of 2,3-BPG (i.e., why does dPGM require it)?
How does the hydrolysis of fructose-1,6- bisphosphate bring about the reversal of one of the physiologically irreversible steps of glycolysis?
Chapter 9 Solutions
Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
Ch. 9 - How are catabolic and anabolic pathways similar?...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.2CCCh. 9 - Why do oxidation and reduction reactions always...Ch. 9 - How can glucose be oxidized in the absence of...Ch. 9 - In the absence of oxygen, why is it necessary to...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.6CCCh. 9 - Prob. 1QCh. 9 - Why dont glycolysis (glucose to pyruvate) and...Ch. 9 - Why are the key regulatory enzymes in glycolysis...Ch. 9 - Why do cancer cells carry out high rates of...
Ch. 9 - High-Energy Bonds. When first introduced by Fritz...Ch. 9 - The History of Glycolysis. Following are several...Ch. 9 - Glycolysis in 25 Words or Fewer. Complete each of...Ch. 9 - Energetics of Carbohydrate Utilization. The...Ch. 9 - QUANTITATIVE Glucose Phosphorylation. The direct...Ch. 9 - Ethanol Intoxication and Methanol Toxicity. The...Ch. 9 - Propionate Fermentation. Although lactate and...Ch. 9 - QUANTITATIVE Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis. As...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.9PSCh. 9 - Youve Got Some Explaining to Do. Explain each of...Ch. 9 - Arsenate Poisoning. Arsenate (HAsO42) is a potent...Ch. 9 - Life Without Phosphofructokinase. Many bacteria do...Ch. 9 - Prob. 9.13PS
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- During gluconeogenesis, the three irreversible steps of glycolysis have to be bypassed. The first step is the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Which of the following statement is false regarding the reaction step? Select one: a. Conversion of oxaloacetate from pyruvate occurs in mitochondria and shuttled into the cytosol. b. Formation of phosphoenolpyruvate requires both ATP and GTP as an energy source. c. Acetyl CoA is an activator of enzyme pyruvate carboxylase. d. This reaction involves two-step process catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinasearrow_forwardd) What enzymes of glycolysis are bypassed in gluconeogenesis? e) What enzymes are unique to gluconeogenesis? f) What enzymes are the sites of regulation in gluconeogenesis? g) Describe how glycolysis & gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated.arrow_forwardWhy is it essential that the mechanisms that activate glycogen synthesis also deactivate glycogen phosphorylase?arrow_forward
- Name the molecules used for gluconeogenesis. What are the sources of these molecules? Under what conditions would gluconeogenesis occur?arrow_forward(a)What are the two superfamilies of proteins in which amylase is categorized? (b)To which superfamily of proteins does active site of the amylase belong?arrow_forwardVon Gierke’s disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type I. Patients with von Gierke’s disease lackglucose 6-phosphatase activity. Two prominent symptoms of this disorder are fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (elevated lactate levels in the blood), especially during strenuous exercise. Explain why these symptoms occur. What chemical reaction does this enzyme catalyze? Which pathways involve this enzyme? Lacking thisenzyme will cause impairment of which pathways?• Pls consider what pathways are affected by Von Gierke’s disease. Include in your explanation involving the Cori’s cycle.arrow_forward
- Von Gierke’s disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type I. Patients with von Gierke’s disease lackglucose 6-phosphatase activity. Two prominent symptoms of this disorder are fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (elevated lactate levels in the blood), especially during strenuous exercise. Explain why these symptoms occur. What chemical reaction does this enzyme catalyze? Which pathways involve this enzyme? Lacking thisthe enzyme will cause impairment of which pathways?• Pls consider what pathways are affected by Von Gierke’s disease. Include in your explanation involving Cori’s cycle. can you please do not write by your hand? I mean computer if you can. thank youarrow_forwardIn glycolysis, the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate is considered irreversible. Yet, in gluconeogenesis, this "irreverisble" reaction is bypassed and pyruvate is eventually converted to PEP. Explain how gluconeogenesis bypasses this irreverisble reaction. Include the enzymes required to convert pyruvate to PEP + the intermediate that is created. Imagine a scenario where the PDH complex has picked up an "activating" mutation causing it to convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA in an unregulated manner.There is way too much acetyl CoA than is actually necessary. Explain in a sentence or two how the body would compensate for thisarrow_forwardWhy is pyruvate carboxylase constitutive and active in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?arrow_forward
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