The reason that it is not possible to predict whether 14 C and 13 C are present in the white circular representations of atoms as given in the figure. Introduction: One of the techniques of detecting the position of atoms and the structure and function of a molecule is based on isotope labeling. It involves both radioactive isotope labeling in which the presence of labels is checked by measuring the amount of radiation emitted from the radioactive isotope upon metabolism . Nonradioactive labeling is also called stable labeling. This is used in the NMR technique to deduce the structure of a protein or other biomolecules depending upon the resonance of the spin energy states of the atoms present inside the molecule.

Question

The reaction catalyzed by phosphorylase is readily reversible in vitro. At pH 6.8, the equilibrium ratio of orthophosphate to glucose 1-phosphate is 3.6. The value of ΔG°’ for this reaction is small because a glycosidic bond is replaced by a phosphoryl ester bond that has a nearly equal transfer potential. However, phosphorolysis proceeds far in the direction of glycogen breakdown in vivo. Suggest one means by which the reaction can be made irreversible in vivo.

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Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason that it is not possible to predict whether ¹⁴C and ¹³C are present in the white circular representations of atoms as given in the figure.

Introduction: One of the techniques of detecting the position of atoms and the structure and function of a molecule is based on isotope labeling. It involves both radioactive isotope labeling in which the presence of labels is checked by measuring the amount of radiation emitted from the radioactive isotope upon metabolism. Nonradioactive labeling is also called stable labeling. This is used in the NMR technique to deduce the structure of a protein or other biomolecules depending upon the resonance of the spin energy states of the atoms present inside the molecule.

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The reaction catalyzed by phosphorylase is readily reversible in vitro. At pH 6.8, the equilibrium ratio of orthophosphate to glucose 1-phosphate is 3.6. The value of ΔG°’ for this reaction is small because a glycosidic bond is replaced by a phosphoryl ester bond that has a nearly equal transfer potential. However, phosphorolysis proceeds far in the direction of glycogen breakdown in vivo. Suggest one means by which the reaction can be made irreversible in vivo.

Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phos- phate concentration is about 10 mM. If ADP is five times more abundant than AMP, calculate the molar concentrations of ADP and AMP at an energy charge of 0.85. Calculate AG for ATP hydrolysis at 37 °C under these conditions. The energy charge is the concentra- tion of ATP plus half the concentration of ADP divided by the total adenine nucleotide concentration: [ATP] + 1/2[ADP] [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP]

The degradation of glycogen is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphorylase and has AGO" equal to +3.1 kJ · mol1. The equation for this reaction is shown below. glycogen (n residues) + P;→ glycogen (n-1 residues) + G1P What is the ratio of [P;]/[G1P] under standard conditions? Use 2 significant figures. [P;] : [G1P] = i :1 What is the value of AG under cellular conditions when the [P;/[G1P] ratio is 50/1? Use 2 significant figures. AG = i kJ. mol-1