Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 31CTQ
What is a possible result of a mutation in a kinase that controls a pathway that stimulates cell growth?
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Mutant tyrosine kinase signaling proteins are implicated in many types of human cancer. Hundreds of millions of dollars are required for the basic research and development of a new drug. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs have been approved for cancer treatments by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. What do you think would be some of the difficulties of finding these drugs given that similar kinases are active in normal cells? Do you think new medications of this type should be developed through government-sponsored research? Why or why not? If not, what alternatives do you propose?
What is the function of a protein kinase? What amino acids are often phosphorylated by kinases?
which of the following correctly describes how protein kinase A can activate genes?
A: nuclear protein kinase A is activated by cAMP to phosphorylate general transcription factors
B: cytosolic protein kinase A is activated by cAMP to release the catalytic subunits, which move into the nucleus and phosphorylate CREB
C: cytosolic protein kinase A is activated by cAMP to release the catalytic subunits, which move into the nucleus and phosphorylate general transcription factors
D: G protein-coupled receptors may be desensitized by serine phosphorylation
Chapter 9 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 9 - Figure 9.8 HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In...Ch. 9 - Figure 9.10 In certain cancers, the GTPase...Ch. 9 - Figure 9.17 Which of the following statements...Ch. 9 - Figure 9.18 What advantage might biofilm...Ch. 9 - What property prevents the ligands of cell-surface...Ch. 9 - The secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland...Ch. 9 - Why are ion channels necessary to transport ions...Ch. 9 - Endocrine signals are transmitted more slowly than...Ch. 9 - A scientist notices that when she adds a small,...Ch. 9 - Where do DAG and IP3 originate? They are formed by...
Ch. 9 - What property enables the residues of the amino...Ch. 9 - Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked...Ch. 9 - A scientist observes a mutation in the...Ch. 9 - What is the function of a phosphatase? A...Ch. 9 - How does NF-kB induce gene expression? A small,...Ch. 9 - Apoptosis can occur in a cell when the cell is...Ch. 9 - What is the effect of an inhibitor binding an...Ch. 9 - How does PKC’s signaling role change in response...Ch. 9 - A scientist notices that a cancer cell line fails...Ch. 9 - Which type of molecule acts as a signaling...Ch. 9 - Quorum sensing is triggered to begin when...Ch. 9 - A doctor is researching new ways to treat biofilms...Ch. 9 - What is the difference between intracellular...Ch. 9 - How are the effects of paracrine signaling limited...Ch. 9 - What are the differences between internal...Ch. 9 - Cells grown in the laboratory are mixed with a dye...Ch. 9 - Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar by...Ch. 9 - The same second messengers are used in many...Ch. 9 - What would happen if the intracellular domain of a...Ch. 9 - If a cell developed a mutation in its MAP2K1 gene...Ch. 9 - What is a possible result of a mutation in a...Ch. 9 - How does the extracellular matrix control the...Ch. 9 - A scientist notices that a cancer cell line shows...Ch. 9 - What characteristics make yeasts a good model for...Ch. 9 - Why is signaling in multicellular organisms more...Ch. 9 - Pseudomonas infections are very common in hospital...
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- What would be the effect of inhibiting the kinase?arrow_forwardWhat is the main benefit of cell signaling via direct physical contact and cell signaling over short distances (ex: nerve cell signaling)?arrow_forwardA growth factor Fsh3 stimulates the proliferation of culture fish cells. The receptor that binds Fsh3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and there are numerous fish tumor cell lines that have a mutation for the gen for this receptor. Which of the following mutations would be expected to promote uncontrolled cell proliferation. a mutation that inactivates the protein tyrosine phosphatase that acts on the receptor a mutation that prevents the binding of the normal extracellular signal to the receptor a mutation that inhibits the Ras GEF a mutation that destroys the kinase activity of the receptor a mutation that prevents dimerization of the receptorarrow_forward
- What is the purpose of A kinase–associated proteins (AKAPs)? Describe how AKAPs work in heart muscle cells.arrow_forwardThe figure below shows how normal signaling works with a Ras protein acting downstream of a receptor tyrosine kinase. CYTOSOL active receptor tyrosine kinase Taratas THERI signal molecule 00 active signaling Q Search active Ras protein GTP 99+ Į SIGNALING Il app.honorlock.com is sharing your screen. ✡ active signaling protein Y aarrow_forwardYou are a scientist studying two related congenital diseases, Noonan syndrome and Tiger syndrome. People with these syndromes are characterized by differences in heart development and skeletal morphology. Individuals with either syndrome are also susceptible to certain types of cancer, such as leukemia. Some cases of Noonan syndrome are caused by dominant activating variants of the MAP kinase-kinase-kinase protein Raf. The genetic basis of Tiger syndrome is unknown. Your team is involved in a clinical trial, which finds that drugs that inhibit Raf are associated with improved outcomes in cancer patients with Noonan syndrome. You find that Tiger syndrome patients also respond to the treatment, so you sequence the Raf gene in several patients, but find no mutations. Based on what you know about the MAP kinase pathway, you sequence the Sos gene in Tiger syndrome patients. You find that 5 out of 10 patients in your trial have a SNP that changes the amino acid Thr266 to Lys (T266K).…arrow_forward
- How does each of these small GTP-binding proteins contribute to the regulation of cell migration?arrow_forwardWhat is the main benefit of cell signaling over long distances (ex: signaling via hormone secretion into the bloodstream)?arrow_forwardYou have developed an activator of a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. In three different cell types that all contain this receptor your drug has different effects. In cell type A you see activation of gene X and gene Y; in cell type B you note activation of Gene X, but no change in the mRNA levels for Gene Y. In cell type C your drug has no effect on either Gene X or Y. Describe how could each choice (A-D) be a possibility to suit the scenario? a. Genes X & Y are controlled by two separate STATs (STAT X & STAT Y). Cell type A contains both STATs; cell type B contains STAT X only; cell type C has neither STAT. b. Genes X & Y are controlled by two separate STATs (STAT X & STAT Y) and two separate JAKs (JAK X & JAK Y). Cell type A contains both STATs and JAKs; cell type B contains both STATs but JAK X only; cell type C has both STATs but neither JAK. c. Genes X & Y are controlled by two separate STATs (STAT X & STAT Y), two separate JAKs (JAK X & JAK Y) and…arrow_forward
- What is cGMP-dependent protein kinase?arrow_forwardWhat is the purpose of the Map Kinase Cascade?arrow_forwardThe figure below details a pathway in yeast involving kinases and a phosphatase and the regulation of a specific cyclin-cdk complex. CAK kinase controls the phosphorylation of Thr161. The phosphorylation of Tyr15 is controlled by Wee1 and Cdc25. In this problem, focus on the phosphorylation of Tyr15 by Wee1 and Cdc25. 1. If Wee1 kinase was inactive, what would happen to the cyclin-cdc2 complex? Would the cells enter mitosis and divide more or less often? Would the cells end up being smaller or larger than normal? 2. If Cdc25 phosphatase was inactive, what would happen to the cyclin-cdc2 complex? Would the cells enter mitosis and divide more or less often? Would the cells end up being smaller or larger than normal?arrow_forward
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