For a cell line with a mutated Ras protein that is always inactive, which of the following conditions will turn on this signaling pathway? O addition of a drug that prevents protein X from activating Ras O addition of a drug that increases the activity of the receptor tyrosine kinase O addition of a drug that prevents protein X from being activated by the receptor tyrosine kinase O addition of a drug that increases the activity of protein Y
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- 11. Explain the role of cytochrome c, Bax/Bac, Fas receptor-ligand, caspases, IGFBP3 in causing apoptosis of cells, based on the figures given below. death ligand cytotoxic cell death receptor plasma membrane -granzyme B executioner caspase 3 initiator caspase 8 procaspases caspase 8 caspase 10 tBid executioner Bid cytochrome c procaspases Apaf-1 apoptosome caspase 9 ICAD lamin death substrates vimentin actin etc. Figure 9.34 The Biology of Cancer (O Garland Science 2014)Figure 9.8 HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In 30 percent of human breast cancers, HER2 is permanently activated, resulting in unregulated cell division. Lapatinib, a drug used to treat breast cancer, inhibits HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation (the process by which the receptor adds phosphates onto itself), thus reducing tumor growth by 50 percent. Besides autophosphorylation, which of the following steps would be inhibited by Lapatinib? Signaling molecule binding, dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. Dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. The downstream cellular response. Phosphatase activity, dimerization, and the downsteam cellular response.Which of the following statements is true Ras becomes activated when it exchanges its GDP for GTP AKT phosphorylation results in an inactive Bcl2 MAP kinase is important for phosphorylating MAP kinase kinase PI-3 kinase phosphorylates an inositol phospholipid in the cytoplasm
- ras GDP ras ras P.P P.P GTP raf Inactive Active raf Inside of cell Refer to the figure above. A portion of a signal transduction pathway is shown in the figure. The molecule raf is a protein kinase. This molecule becomes activated when a GTP-ras complex binds to it. Which equation describes how activated raf transmits the signal in this pathway? O ATP. --> CAMP +PPi O CAMP --> AMP Inactive enzyme + ATP --> active phosphorylated enzyme + ADP O Inactive phosphorylated enzyme + ADP --> inactive enzyme + ATP Inactive enzyme + ADP --> active phosphorylated enzyme + ATP Assessment Navigator Submit Questionmark Ondemand licensed to University of Dundee PPIPi want the solution of this assingment please. 1- Typical N-terminal signal sequence ( include description, function, and how they work)2- list address codes for different parts of the cell3- Stop transfer sequence ( description, function, how they work)Put the following steps for the outline of the growth factor signaling pathway in order: Map Kinase Kinase is Phosphorylated Proteins involved in gene transcription are activated Growth factor binds to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane Receptor recruits adaptor protein and GEF Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor Structural change of the receptor activates Tyrosine Kinase Map Kinase Kinase Kinase is phosphorylated Ras, a small GTPase, is activated by the exchange of GTP for GDP Map Kinase is Phosphorylated Map Kinase enters the nucleus
- Ras activation can activate O MAP kinase O Protein kinase B Phospholipase C O Two of the above O All of the aboveG protein coupled receptors play an important role in signal transduction in many cells. Label the four essential components of the G protein coupled receptor signaling system (blanks a-d in the picture) by choosing from the menus below. a b b Each answer will be used at most once, while some will not be used at all (select one for each): Group of answer choices transcription factor с transcription factor Show Transcribed Text d transcription factor B C. transcription factor G protein second messenger G protein second messenger IE G protein second messenger G protein second messenger receptor receptor receptor receptor enzyme enzyme enzyme enzyme steroid hormone steroid hormone steroid hormone steroid hormoneWhich G-protein-coupled family subtype is Prolactin? Prolactin (PRL) receptors are G-protein-coupled family subtype Gs or Gq
- You are given a project to characterize the effect of mutation on two newly discovered G protein coupled-receptors, GPCR-UCI and GPCR-UC2, both of which bind to the same ligand. For the cell signalling assay, you have the UMR-106 cell line that expresses both GPCR-UC1, CPCR- UC2, the corresponding G proteins, and adenyl-cyclase. A basal adenylyl cyclase activity, and thus, a baseline cAMP concentration, is detected in the cell line. (i) You found that, upon binding to the ligand, the mutation in GPCR-UC1 results in increased CAMP level but the mutation in GPCR-UC2 results in a low cAMP concentration. Based on these results, identify the subclass of G protein isoforms that the GPCRs activate. Explain your answer. (ii) If the mutation affects the G protein from GDP release, how would this affect the CAMP production after ligand binding? Explain your answer.1 of 16 Data from an experiment is shown in the figure below. In the experiment, murine cells were treated with a specific a ligand that activates receptor R. In some cases, the cells were exposed to one of two drugs (X or Y) as well as the ligand or were left untreated (UT). After 30 minutes of treatment, the cells were lysed with a detergent-based buffer to release the soluble membrane, cyosolic and nuclear proteins. Samples from each cell extract were run (in duplicate) by SDS-PAGE (SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) in order to separate the proteins by molecular mass (size). The separated proteins were then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane which was then probed with different antibodies in a western blotting procedure to detect specific phosphorylated proteins or total proteins. If present in the cell extract, these proteins appear as a dark band in the relevant western blot image within the figure. Drug X Drug Y UT Ligand Ligand Ligand Western blotting antibodies…Rous Sarcoma Virus can cause cancer in infected cells. The tumor causing nature of the virus is linked to it harbouring a gene that codes for a unique receptor tyrasine kinase (RTK). What is it about the tyrosine kinase that accounts for the tumor-causing nature of the virus? O It is unrelated to any human kinase and thus is able to act uncontrollably in causing cell division. O It cantain activate downstream effectors without binding to a SH2 domain. O It lacks the carboxy-terminal regulatory domain that is present in RTKS of non-cancerous cells.