Microbiology: A Systems Approach
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781259706615
Author: Marjorie Kelly Cowan Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 9, Problem 2CTQ
On paper, replicate the following segment of DNA:
5′ A T C G G C T A C G T T C A C 3′
3′ T A G C C G A T G C A A G T G 5′
- a. Show the direction of replication of the new strands and indicate the location of the lagging and leading strands.
- b. Explain one challenge in the replication of circular DNA and in the replication of linear DNA and how each is resolved in a cell.
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Explain the function of an origin of replication in the replication of DNA, and know how the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in terms of the number of origins of replication on each chromosome.
Explain why replication is different on the two strand at a replication fork, including:
how these differences are related to the fact that DNA strands are synthesized in a 5’ to 3’ direction.
what is meant by the terms bidirectional replication, and replication bubble.
the role of the leading strand, lagging strand, Okazaki fragments, continuous and discontinuous replication
A. DNA Replication
Construct a DNA with 15 base pairs. (Note that the first three nucleofides of the
parent DNA (3' to 5') strand correspond to a start codon and its last three
nucleotides correspond to a stop codon in its MRNA counterpart later on.) Write it
down as follows:
a. the sequence of parent DNA (template)
3'
A C
A TT 5'
3'
Upon undergoing DNA replication, show what one daughter DNA molecule will look
like. Write it down as follows:
b. the sequence of DNA Daughter 1:
3'
5'
5'
3'
C. the sequence of DNA Daughter 2:
3'
3'
5'
in
in
Look at the double-stranded segment of DNA shown below. Imagine that the two strands have already been denatured, and the temperature has been decreased to an appropriate annealing temperature. Show where the two primers would anneal to the strands, then indicate the direction of extension on each new strand with an arrow.
5’--T C A G G A C G T A A G C T T G C A T A T C T C G A T G C T A A A T C A T—3’
3’--A G T C C T G C A T T C G A A C G T A T A G A G C T A C G A T T T A G T A—5’
Primer #1: 3’ A C G A T T T 5’
Primer #2: 5’ G G A C G T A 3’
Chapter 9 Solutions
Microbiology: A Systems Approach
Ch. 9.1 - Define the terms genome and gene.Ch. 9.1 - Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.Ch. 9.1 - Diagram a segment of DNA, labeling all important...Ch. 9.1 - Summarize the steps of bacterial DNA replication...Ch. 9.1 - Compare and contrast the synthesis of leading and...Ch. 9.2 - Explain how the classical view of the central...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 7AYPCh. 9.2 - Illustrate the steps of transcription, noting the...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 9AYPCh. 9.2 - Prob. 10AYP
Ch. 9.2 - Identify the locations of the promoter, the start...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 12AYPCh. 9.2 - Prob. 13AYPCh. 9.3 - Define the term operon and explain one advantage...Ch. 9.3 - Differentiate between repressive and inducible...Ch. 9.3 - Prob. 16AYPCh. 9.4 - Explain the defining characteristics of a...Ch. 9.4 - Describe three forms of horizontal gene transfer...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 19AYPCh. 9.5 - Prob. 20AYPCh. 9 - What is the smallest unit of heredity? a....Ch. 9 - The nitrogen bases in DNA are bonded to the a....Ch. 9 - DNA replication is semiconservative because the...Ch. 9 - In DNA, adenine is the complementary base for...Ch. 9 - Transfer RNA is the molecule that a. contributes...Ch. 9 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 9 - The lac operon is usually in the _____ position...Ch. 9 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 9 - Prob. 9MCQCh. 9 - When genes are turned on differently under...Ch. 9 - The DNA pairs are held together primarily by...Ch. 9 - Prob. 12TFCh. 9 - Prob. 13TFCh. 9 - Prob. 14TFCh. 9 - Prob. 15TFCh. 9 - Explain the relationship among the following...Ch. 9 - On paper, replicate the following segment of DNA:...Ch. 9 - Provide evidence in support of or refuting the...Ch. 9 - Using the DNA sequence 3 TAC CAG ATA CAC TCC CCT...Ch. 9 - Use your knowledge of DNA recombination events to...Ch. 9 - Prob. 1VCCh. 9 - From chapter 4, figure 4.11a. Speculate on why...Ch. 9 - Concept Mapping | Blooms Level 6: Create Appendix...
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- In Semi conservative replication: A. After one round of replication of a single molecule of DNA, one DNA molecule will be produced that contains two parental strands of DNA and one DNA molecule will be produced that contains two new (or de novo) strands. B. After one round of replication of a single molecule of DNA, two resulting DNA molecules will be produced both of which contain a mix of both parental and new DNA interspersed on every strand of DNA C. After two rounds of replication of a single molecule of DNA, two resulting DNA molecules will contain both a parental strand and a new strand of DNA and the other two resulting DNA molecules will contain all new (or de novo) DNA D. After two rounds of replication of a single molecule of DNA, one resulting DNA molecule will contain 2 parental strands of DNA and the other three resulting DNA molecules will contain all new (or de novo) DNA E. A and C F. B and Darrow_forwardExplain the effect(s) the following scenarios would have on DNA replication or translation. For each scenario, state whether DNA replication or translation would be able to proceed and explain your reasoning. Low amount of 7- methyl guanosine in the nucleus low amount of DNA polymerase I lack of helicasearrow_forwardI. What is the correct order of enzyme action during DNA replication? Number the steps from 1 to 7. HINT: Refer to the slide show and video lecture on this topic to help you solve this one: Synthesis of RNA primers (priming) Ligation II. A double-stranded DNA molecule with the sequence shown below can produce a polypeptide that is four amino acids long. Identify which DNA strands are the coding and the transcribed template strands by circling C or T to the left of the table below, respectively. Use an arrow to indicate the direction of transcription. In the table, show the mRNA sequences and amino acids in this peptide. In spaces to the left and right of the table, label all 5' and 3' ends of all relevant nucleic acid strands. READ CAREFULLY: The table gives you the possibility of filling in answers that show transcription from either strand or in either direction. You are only required to fill in the information relevant to ONE PEPTIDE (no others). Refer to the genetic code on the…arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements are true regarding the properties of DNA and RNA polymerase. Select all that apply. Both DNA and RNA polymerase synthesize nucleic acid strands in the 5" to 3' direction. Both DNA and RNA polymerase can initiate strand synthesis on their own. I. RNA polymerase initiates strand synthesis, while DNA polymerase depends upon an existing strand to continue synthesis. II. RNA polymerase only uses ribonucleotides for strand synthesis. DNA polymerase only uses deoxyribonucleotides for strand synthesis. V. Au DNA and RNA polymerases from eukaryotes behave very differently from DNA and RNA polymerases found in prokaryotes. O VI.arrow_forwarda. What process would be unaffected in with defective topoisomerase? Prokaryotic DNA packaging Eukaryotic DNA packaging Prokaryotic DNA replication Eukaryotic DNA replication All of the above rely on topoisomerase function b. Why is primase required for DNA replication? To unwind the DNA helix To prime nucleotides for addition to the growing chain To provide a 3' OH for DNA polymerase To recognize the origin of replication To remove supercoils ahead of the replication machinery C. What is the purpose of PCR reaction? To alter the sequence of a fragment of DNA. To insert a fragment of DNA into a bacterium To amplify a fragment of ONA To destroy a fragment of DNA To determine the sequence of nucleotides in a fragment of DNA.arrow_forwardDescribe DNA replication. What are Okazaki fragments? Why does each chromosome have thousands of replication start sites instead of just one?arrow_forward
- Describe the function of DNA polymerase. Explain why each part of the name DNA polymerase (DNA, polymer, -ase) makes sense.arrow_forwardBelow is a diagram of DNA replication as currently believed to occur in E. coli. From specific points, arrows are provided that lead to numbers. Answer the questions below relating to the locations specified by the numbers. (02) What end (5’ or 3’) of the molecule is here? (State which) What enzyme is probably functioning here to deal with supercoils in the DNA? What enzyme is probably functioning here to unwind the DNA? What nucleic acid is probably depicted here? What are these short DNA fragments usually called? What enzyme probably functions here to couple these two newly synthesized fragments of DNA? Is this strand the leading or lagging strand? What end (5’ or 3’) of the molecule is here? (State which)arrow_forwarda. As a result of the structure of DNA and RNA, replication, transcription and translation are possible. What can nucleic acids do, as a result of their structure, that enables these processes to occur? The figure below shows a simplified schematic representation of a segment of DNA. The DNA is labelled with the numbers 1 – 14 for easy reference. -35 sequence Pribnow box 5' UTR 3' UTR DNA TTGACA TATAAT -35 -10 Gene a Gene B Gene y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 UTR = untranslated region b. At which position on the DNA (number 1 - 14) will transcription be initiated? c. At which position on the DNA (number 1 - 14) will the first signal for translation be found? d. Between which two regions on the DNA will the polyadenylation signal be found? Use the numbers to indicate the region. e. Between which two regions on the DNA will the first Shine-Dalgarno / Ribosome Binding Sequence be found? Use the numbers to indicate the region.arrow_forward
- Give the complimentary DNA strand for the following:ACG TAG CTA GTC AGT CGT AGC Give the RNA strand for the following:ACG TAG CTA GTC AGT CGT AGC Using the provided amino acid table and the RNA strand you created in #2, create the amino acid sequence: Name and explain two different ways in which DNA can be damaged. Once DNA is damaged, can we repair it? If not, what are some possible outcomes from the damaged DNA?arrow_forwardConsider the proteins involved in DNA replication. A. What can a regular DNA polymerase do? Choose one or more. i Catalyze formation of a phosphodiester bond between one dNTP and another dNTP ii Catalyze formation of a phosphodiester bond between one DNA fragment and another iii Catalyze formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3' end of a DNA fragment, and a dNTP iv Catalyze formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 5' end of a fragment and a dNTP o Open up double-stranded DNA to expose the two separate template strands B. For any ONE action DNA polymerase canNOT do, from the list above, name an enzyme that does that action or makes it unnecessary. Enzyme: What action it does, or makes unnecessary (by numbers given above in part a): i ==>> iv Varrow_forwardA. Diagram a short single strand of DNA 5’ -AA-GG- 3’. Show the chemical structure of the phosphoribosyl backbone and the attachment point for nucleotides added as “A” or “G”. B. Diagram the product of digestion was a restriction enzyme to cut this sequence between the A and G.arrow_forward
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