a. To determine: The number of genes required to define the structure of the hemoglobin protein. Introduction: Hemoglobin is a protein present in the red blood cells, which carries oxygen to the body tissues. It forms a reversible and unstable bond with the oxygen atom. Adult hemoglobin consists of a multimeric protein with four polypeptides. Two of the peptides consist of two units of alpha globin, with two units of beta globin.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 47P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The number of genes required to define the structure of the hemoglobin protein.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a protein present in the red blood cells, which carries oxygen to the body tissues. It forms a reversible and unstable bond with the oxygen atom. Adult hemoglobin consists of a multimeric protein with four polypeptides. Two of the peptides consist of two units of alpha globin, with two units of beta globin.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The different types of hemoglobin protein that would be found in a person’s red blood cell and their proportion if a person is heterozygous for wild-type alleles and the allele that would yield amino acid substitution for both α-globin and β-globin.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a globular protein with a quarternary structure. Hemoglobin contains four globular chains. Each of the globular chains is wrapped around the heme group. Each heme group has iron in it, which gives hemoglobin the ability to bind oxygen atom to it. There are various isoforms of globin. The common isoforms are alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.

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α-thalassemia is another blood disorder in which abnormal hemoglobin molecules are formed, leading to anemia. One mutant allele known to cause α-thalassemia occurs in α-hemoglobin and is called Constant Spring. Normal α-hemoglobin is 141 amino acids long, while the Constant Spring protein is 172 amino acids long. Include answers to both A and B in your response. A maximum of 2 sentences per part. A) Explain how a frameshift mutation in the coding region of α-hemoglobin could result in the Constant Spring protein. B) Explain how a single base-substitution mutation in the coding region of α-hemoglobin could result in the Constant Spring protein.

Shown below are two homologous lengths of the alpha and betachains of human hemoglobin. Consult a genetic code dictionary and determine how many amino acid substitutionsmay have occurred as a result of a single nucleotidesubstitution. For any that cannot occur as a result of a singlechange, determine the minimal mutational distance. Alpha: ala val ala his val asp asp met proBeta: gly leu ala his leu asp asn leu lys

Below is the DNA base sequence for the normal protein for normal hemoglobin and the base sequence for (abnormal) sickle cell hemoglobin: Normal GGG CTT CTT TTT Sickle GGG CAT CTT TTT A)Transcribe and translate the normal and sickle cell DNA. B)Identify this as a point or frameshift mutation. Explain.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 47P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The number of genes required to define the structure of the hemoglobin protein.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a protein present in the red blood cells, which carries oxygen to the body tissues. It forms a reversible and unstable bond with the oxygen atom. Adult hemoglobin consists of a multimeric protein with four polypeptides. Two of the peptides consist of two units of alpha globin, with two units of beta globin.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The different types of hemoglobin protein that would be found in a person’s red blood cell and their proportion if a person is heterozygous for wild-type alleles and the allele that would yield amino acid substitution for both α-globin and β-globin.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a globular protein with a quarternary structure. Hemoglobin contains four globular chains. Each of the globular chains is wrapped around the heme group. Each heme group has iron in it, which gives hemoglobin the ability to bind oxygen atom to it. There are various isoforms of globin. The common isoforms are alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 47P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The number of genes required to define the structure of the hemoglobin protein.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a protein present in the red blood cells, which carries oxygen to the body tissues. It forms a reversible and unstable bond with the oxygen atom. Adult hemoglobin consists of a multimeric protein with four polypeptides. Two of the peptides consist of two units of alpha globin, with two units of beta globin.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The different types of hemoglobin protein that would be found in a person’s red blood cell and their proportion if a person is heterozygous for wild-type alleles and the allele that would yield amino acid substitution for both α-globin and β-globin.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a globular protein with a quarternary structure. Hemoglobin contains four globular chains. Each of the globular chains is wrapped around the heme group. Each heme group has iron in it, which gives hemoglobin the ability to bind oxygen atom to it. There are various isoforms of globin. The common isoforms are alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 47P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The number of genes required to define the structure of the hemoglobin protein.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a protein present in the red blood cells, which carries oxygen to the body tissues. It forms a reversible and unstable bond with the oxygen atom. Adult hemoglobin consists of a multimeric protein with four polypeptides. Two of the peptides consist of two units of alpha globin, with two units of beta globin.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The different types of hemoglobin protein that would be found in a person’s red blood cell and their proportion if a person is heterozygous for wild-type alleles and the allele that would yield amino acid substitution for both α-globin and β-globin.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a globular protein with a quarternary structure. Hemoglobin contains four globular chains. Each of the globular chains is wrapped around the heme group. Each heme group has iron in it, which gives hemoglobin the ability to bind oxygen atom to it. There are various isoforms of globin. The common isoforms are alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 47P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The number of genes required to define the structure of the hemoglobin protein.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a protein present in the red blood cells, which carries oxygen to the body tissues. It forms a reversible and unstable bond with the oxygen atom. Adult hemoglobin consists of a multimeric protein with four polypeptides. Two of the peptides consist of two units of alpha globin, with two units of beta globin.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The different types of hemoglobin protein that would be found in a person’s red blood cell and their proportion if a person is heterozygous for wild-type alleles and the allele that would yield amino acid substitution for both α-globin and β-globin.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a globular protein with a quarternary structure. Hemoglobin contains four globular chains. Each of the globular chains is wrapped around the heme group. Each heme group has iron in it, which gives hemoglobin the ability to bind oxygen atom to it. There are various isoforms of globin. The common isoforms are alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 47P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The number of genes required to define the structure of the hemoglobin protein.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a protein present in the red blood cells, which carries oxygen to the body tissues. It forms a reversible and unstable bond with the oxygen atom. Adult hemoglobin consists of a multimeric protein with four polypeptides. Two of the peptides consist of two units of alpha globin, with two units of beta globin.

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 47P

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The number of genes required to define the structure of the hemoglobin protein.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a protein present in the red blood cells, which carries oxygen to the body tissues. It forms a reversible and unstable bond with the oxygen atom. Adult hemoglobin consists of a multimeric protein with four polypeptides. Two of the peptides consist of two units of alpha globin, with two units of beta globin.

Answer 8

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The different types of hemoglobin protein that would be found in a person’s red blood cell and their proportion if a person is heterozygous for wild-type alleles and the allele that would yield amino acid substitution for both α-globin and β-globin.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a globular protein with a quarternary structure. Hemoglobin contains four globular chains. Each of the globular chains is wrapped around the heme group. Each heme group has iron in it, which gives hemoglobin the ability to bind oxygen atom to it. There are various isoforms of globin. The common isoforms are alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.

Answer 9

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The different types of hemoglobin protein that would be found in a person’s red blood cell and their proportion if a person is heterozygous for wild-type alleles and the allele that would yield amino acid substitution for both α-globin and β-globin.

Introduction:

Hemoglobin is a globular protein with a quarternary structure. Hemoglobin contains four globular chains. Each of the globular chains is wrapped around the heme group. Each heme group has iron in it, which gives hemoglobin the ability to bind oxygen atom to it. There are various isoforms of globin. The common isoforms are alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Solution Summary: The author explains the number of genes required to define the structure of hemoglobin.

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