Concept explainers
To determine: The way in which reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park will ultimately result in a more varied and lush plant consumption.
Introduction: For the regulation of various ecosystems, there are two regulatory processes, namely bottom-up process and top-down process. The bottom-up processes are dependent upon the interrelated series of organisms in a food web through which energy flows in an ecosystem. The top-down processes are mainly the regulatory processes of the ecosystem that function by the interactions of trophic level.
To determine: Whether this is an example of a bottom-up or top-down process.
Introduction: For the regulation of various ecosystems, there are two regulatory processes, namely bottom-up process and top-down process. The bottom-up processes are dependent upon the interrelated series of organisms in a food web through which energy flows in an ecosystem. The top-down processes are mainly the regulatory processes of the ecosystem that function by the interactions of trophic level.
To determine: The reason why this is an example of top-down process.
Introduction: For the regulation of various ecosystems, there are two regulatory processes, namely bottom-up process and top-down process. The bottom-up processes are dependent upon the interrelated series of organisms in a food web through which energy flows in an ecosystem. The top-down processes are mainly the regulatory processes of the ecosystem that function by the interactions of trophic level.
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Biology (MindTap Course List)
- An ecologist studying desert plants performed the following experiment. She staked out two identical plots that included a few sagebrush plants and numerous small annual wildflowers. She found the same five wildflower species in similar numbers in both plots. Then she enclosed one of the plots with a fence to keep out kangaroo rats, the most common herbivores in the area. After two years, four species of wildflowers were no longer present in the fenced plot, but one wildflower species had increased dramatically. The unfenced control plot had not changed significantly in species composition. Using the concepts discussed in the chapter, what do you think happened?arrow_forwardThe increased biodiversity of the Sonoran Desert is a product of the presence of both High RGR and High WUE species. What is the reason we find both types of plants and not just one or the other? Question options: a. Different heights allow species to grow fast or slow in different light environments. b. The plants are always found growing together suggesting they have a mutualistic interaction. c. Different species take advantage of different kinds of rain storms that happen irregularly. d. One type of species facilitates the growth of the other by improving the soil conditions.arrow_forwardOne of the questions the researchers asked when they began their experiment was “With wolves now back on the Yellowstone landscape for 15 years, how has the reintroduction of wolves affected the recruitment of the woody browse species?arrow_forward
- Use the key info from the previous slide to make a prediction about the finches In 1977, there was a severe drought on the island, which caused many of the plants to die out. Because the finches eat the seeds of many of these plants, the population of birds had to compete for the seeds that were available. Most seed-eating finches prefer to eat the small, soft seeds (particularly during the drought), leaving only the large, tough Tribulus seeds for the finches not lucky enough to get to the small seeds in time. I predict that after the drought, . Submitarrow_forwardHawaiian forests grow on nutrient-poor, volcanic-derived soils that have Very low phosphorus levels. In an experiment, scientists fertilized some areas of Hawaiian forest with phosphorus. As a control, they left other areas unfertilized. After one year, they observed increased tree growth on fertilized sites. Fertilized trees supported 37% more herbivorous insect biomass than unfertilized trees. These findings provide evidence that: Hawaiian forest food chains exhibit bottom-up structure Hawaiian forest food chains exhibit both bottom-up and top-down structure Hawaiian forests are resilient but not necessarily resistant Hawaiian forests exhibit alternate stable states Hawaiian forest food chains exhibit top-down structurearrow_forwardLike the success of animals, the success of plants is limited based on the resources available to each individual. In the tropical rainforest, plants are especially limited by the space they have available to grow and reproduce. Which of these statements describes a way that limited space will impact the success of a plant in the rainforest?arrow_forward
- An ecologist studying plants in the desert performed the following experiment. She staked out two identical plots, which included a few sagebrush plants and numerous small, annual wildflowers. She found the same five wildflower species in roughly equal numbers on both plots. She then enclosed one of the plots with a fence to keep out kangaroo rats, the most common grain-eaters of the area. After two years, to her surprise, four of the wildflower species were no longer present in the fenced plot, but one species had increased dramatically. The control plot had not changed. Using the principles of ecology, propose a hypothesis to explain her results. What additional evidence would support your hypothesis?arrow_forwardPine trees are coniferous trees native to most areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Pines produce seeds in the form of pine cones. In some species, pine cones open automatically upon maturation to release seeds. Other species rely solely on birds to break open the pine cones to disperse the seeds. In still others, a resin holds the pine cones closed until a forest fire melts the resin and the seeds can be released. What type of effect does a forest fire have on a pine tree population? a) Obligate b) Facultative c) Density independent d) Bioticarrow_forwardAbout 25 years ago, the crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) was introduced to Christmas Island (a 134 km2 island in the Indian Ocean). Despite accounting for less than 2% of the total biomass in the ecosystem, crazy ants drove the native red land crab extinct. The red land crab was the dominant consumer on the forest floor. By eliminating the land crab, crazy ants indirectly release seedling recruitment, enhance species richness of seedlings. In the forest canopy, new associations between this invasive ant and honeydew-secreting scale insects accelerated changes. Sustained high densities of foraging ants on canopy trees result in high population densities of host- generalist scale insects and growth of sooty molds, leading to the death of canopy trees. The total impact (Tli) of the crazy ant is 0.85. Based on this information, you can conclude that the crazy ant is: both a keystone and a dominant species both a keystone and a parasite species a dominant species a keystone species a…arrow_forward
- determine how to deal with the invasive species that are listed here, or determine if a species is actually beneficial to the community they've been introduced to. the honeybee is naturally from europe, and was introduced to north america in the 1700s. in the modern united states honeybees are major pollinators. this species hasn't outcompeted other north american species like the bumblebee. do you choose to try to control this species, or not?the africanized honeybee better known as the "killer bee" escaped a facility in brazil. the killer bee's population has exploded, but this subspecies has not directly impacted other bee species. the well known aggressiveness of the hives has caused consistent problems over the past few decades for humans in several conditions. do you choose to try to control this species, or not? burmese python.jpg the burmese python can grow to be large constrictor capable of reaching 23 ft. in some cases. these snakes were illegally kept as pets, and released…arrow_forwardAs the fertility of soil on the forest floor increases, which of the following most likely will occur? Mark only one oval. 00 A) size of plants decreases. B) growth rate of plants increases. C) density of plants decreases. D) number of species of plants increases. E) probably nothing not benefited. Mark only one oval. levolls aviat estela Related to the greater Yellowstone area and according to abundance levels, have benefited from wolf reintroduction, while have ainerion A) grizzly bears, brown bears B) beavers, aspen trees C) woody plant species, beavers D) all of the above first listed species, elk A) zonation. OB) stratification. C) succession. D) characterization. OE) vector-born bond woll 19v altide A (0) lagens ewolis témns) A (0) anomoe ni sunt aniq bio nA (SSSS oorhoorigion Mos Jealsong visuau al vinum Changes in community composition and structure over time are called which of the following? Jovo sto no he Mark only one oval. 2000 abnedm 1003 en avoubisen (0 esw 162 (3 CD…arrow_forwardThe success of the Green Revolution is dependent on using which of the following? a. all of the above b. high-yielding hybrid seeds c. decreased use of machinery d. organic fertilizer e. growth in rainy areasarrow_forward
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning