Understanding Our Universe
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780393614428
Author: PALEN, Stacy, Kay, Laura, Blumenthal, George (george Ray)
Publisher: W.w. Norton & Company,
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Chapter 5, Problem 23QAP
To determine
The effect on formation of star for the given condition.
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Consider three periods in the history of the Universe: one million years after the Big Bang (age = 1 million years), about five billion
years ago (age = 9 billion years), and today. What is the ranking in the expansion rate of the Universe in these three period, from
fastest to slowest expansion:
O 1 million years, today, 9 billion years.
today, 1 million years, 9 billion years.
today, 9 billion years, 1 million years.
O 1 million years, 9 billion years, today.
Assume the observable Universe is charge neutral, and that it contains n nuclei (hydrogen plus helium nuclei, ignoring other elements). Take the helium mass fraction as 1/4. How many electrons are there in the observable Universe? Enter your answer in scientific notation with one decimal place.
Values: n = 5*10^80
Assume the observable Universe is charge neutral, and that it contains n nuclei (hydrogen plus helium nuclei, ignoring other elements). Take the helium mass fraction as 1/4. How many electrons are there in the observable Universe? Enter your answer in scientific notation with one decimal place.
Value: n = 4*1080
Chapter 5 Solutions
Understanding Our Universe
Ch. 5.1 - Prob. 5.1CYUCh. 5.2 - Prob. 5.2CYUCh. 5.3 - Prob. 5.3CYUCh. 5.4 - Prob. 5.4CYUCh. 5.5 - Prob. 5.5CYUCh. 5.6 - Prob. 5.6CYUCh. 5 - Prob. 1QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 2QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 3QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 4QAP
Ch. 5 - Prob. 5QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 6QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 7QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 8QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 9QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 10QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 11QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 12QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 13QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 14QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 15QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 16QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 17QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 18QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 19QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 20QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 21QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 22QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 23QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 24QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 25QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 27QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 28QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 29QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 30QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 31QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 32QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 34QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 35QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 36QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 37QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 38QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 39QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 40QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 41QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 42QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 43QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 44QAPCh. 5 - Prob. 45QAP
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- Why cant an open universe have a center? How can a closed universe not have a center?arrow_forwardWhat does it mean to say that the universe is expanding? What is expanding? For example, is your astronomy classroom expanding? Is the solar system? Why or why not?arrow_forwardWhat evidence shows that the Universe is expanding? What evidence shows that the Universe began with a Big Bang?arrow_forward
- The figure below is based on an assumed Hubble constant of 70 km/s/Mpc. How would you change the diagram to fit a Hubble constant of 50 km/s/Mpc? If the evolution of the universe were determined only by gravity, then its fate would be linked to its geometry. Open Negligible normal matter Flat Closed 14 9.5 Past Future Time Billion years ago Now The slope of the "negligible normal matter" line would be ---Select--- C and cross the time axis ---Select--- O than 14 billion years ago. The curved line separating the open and closed universe regions would cross the time axis O than 9.5 billion years ago. ---Select--- Scale of the universe, R © Cengage Learning 2013arrow_forwardYour friends are talking about Olber's Paradox: Friend 1: When the universe was quite young, it was also quite small, and therefore light was trapped inside the universe. This is why we don't see light from the edge of the universe in every direction. Friend 2: No, Olber's Paradox describes only light from stars, not from galaxies, and why you can't use light from distant stars to see at night. Friend 3: You're both right and you're both wrong. The paradox concerns itself with the expansion of the universe, and explains why light from the early universe was able to be released. Are any of them right, in part or in whole?arrow_forwardAssume the observable Universe is charge neutral, and that it contains n nuclei (hydrogen plus helium nuclei, ignoring other elements). Take the helium mass fraction as 1/4. How many electrons are there in the observable Universe? Enter your answer in scientific notation with one decimal place.arrow_forward
- Astronomers frequently say that "there are more stars in the universe than there are grains of sand on all the beaches on the earth". Given that a typical grain of sand is about 0.5 – 1.0 mm in diameter, estimate the number of grains of sand on all the earth's beaches. The diameter of the Earth is 12,742 km. a) About 1011 b) About 1016 c) About 1021. 6. Assume that a typical galaxy contains about 200 billion stars and that there are more than 150 billion galaxies in the known universe. Estimate the total number of stars in the universe. b) About 1022 a) About 1010 c) About 1016. 7. Compare the values of the number of grains of sand in all earth's beaches (from problem 5) with the number of stars in the universe (from problem 6) – which is greater? a) Number of sand grains b) number of stars c) they are about the same.arrow_forwardAssume that the universe is expanding at an increasing rate, and explain why.arrow_forwardHubble's First Attempt. Edwin Hubble's first attempt to measure the universe's expansion rate was flawed because the standard candles he was using were not properly calibrated. Look at (Figure 1) a.Estimate the value of Ho corresponding to the solid line in the figure. Express your answer kilometers per second per million light-years to two significant figures. b.What is the approximate age of the universe indicated by that erroneous value of Ho? Express your answer in years to one significant figure.arrow_forward
- Stuck on homework, especially the significant part. If the value of the Hubble constant is 70 kilometers per second per Mpc, then what is the Hubble time – that is, the amount of time the universe has been expanding since the Big Bang? Give your answer first in units of seconds, and then in units of billions of years. Your answer is significant to two digits.arrow_forwardUsing our example from the previous unit, let's try to determine the Hubble time for this example universe. You were given that a good representative galaxy receded at a speed of 4000 km/s and was found to be 20 Mpc away. With that in mind, what would the age of that universe be in years (aka what is that universe's Hubble time)? Go ahead and take the number of kilometers per Mpc to be approximately 3.1*10^19 km/Mpc. While this problem may look scary at first, this is really just bringing you full circle to one of the unit conversion problems you encountered at the beginning of this course.arrow_forward1. The current (critical) density of our universe is pe = 10-26kg/m³. Assume the universe is filled with cubes with equal size that each contain one person of m = 100kg. What would the length of the side of such a cube have to be in order to give the correct critical density? How many hydrogen atoms would you need in a box of 1 m³ to reach the critical density? The matter we know, which consists mostly of hydrogen, constitutes only 4.8% of the current critical energy density of our universe. So how many hydrogen atoms are actually in a box of 1 m3 in our universe? Deep space is very empty and a much better vacuum than we can obtain on earth in a laboratory.arrow_forward
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