Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 43, Problem 9TYU
MAKE CONNECTIONS Contrast clonal selection with Lamarck’s idea for the inheritance of acquired characteristics (see Concept 22.1).
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What might be the evolutionary advantage of allergic reactions? (Hint: Are there harmful substances or organisms that might provoke allergic reactions?)
Contrast clonal selection with Lamarck’s idea for the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine"
Each year, the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of Influenza A and two strains of Influenza B. These antigens are from
the head of the H spikes - an area that sticks out from the virus and so, is very easy for human immune cells to detect. However, the
problem with using the head of the H spike as an antigen is..
• The H spike head mutates very rapidly, so quickly changes to forms not recognized by human immune cells.
O The H spike head is exposed on the surface of the virus for only a short period of time. Viruses quickly pull the H spikes back inside the virus,
shielding them from human immune cells.
O The H spike head is often too big for the human immune cells to attack.
The H spike head is often too small for the human immune cells to bind to.
Chapter 43 Solutions
Campbell Biology
Ch. 43.1 - Pus is both a sign of infection and an indicator...Ch. 43.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How do the molecules that...Ch. 43.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 43.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 43.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 43.2 - WHAT IF? If both copies of a light-chain gene and...Ch. 43.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 43.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 43.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 43.4 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 43.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 43.4 - WHAT IF? How would a macrophage deficiency likely...Ch. 43 - In what ways does innate immunity protect the...Ch. 43 - Why is the adaptive immune response to an initial...Ch. 43 - Is immunological memory after a natural infection...Ch. 43 - Prob. 43.4CRCh. 43 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 43 - An epitope associates with which part of an...Ch. 43 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 43 - Level 2: Application/Analysis 4. Which of the...Ch. 43 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 43 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 43 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 43 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 43 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Contrast clonal selection with...Ch. 43 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Describe one invertebrate...Ch. 43 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 43 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 43 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE This photo shows a child...
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- MHC polymorphism at individual MHC genes appears to have been strongly selected by evolutionary pressures. In other words, there appears to be selection for maintaining hundreds to thousands of different alleles of each MHC gene in the population. This notion is based on the observation that nucleotide differences between alleles that lead to amino acid substitutions are more frequent than those that are silent substitutions (i.e., not changing the amino acid sequence of the protein). In addition, the positions within the MHC protein where most of the allelic sequence variation occurs are not randomly distributed, but are concentrated in certain regions of the MHC protein. This latter point indicates: That some nucleotide sequences within the MHC genes are hot-spots for mutation That MHC genes are more susceptible to point mutations than to larger nucleotide deletions That MHC allelic polymorphism has been driven by selection for diversity in peptide binding specificity That MHC genes…arrow_forwardWhich of the following statement regarding the whole-pathogen vaccine is/are correct (B) Live attenuated whole-pathogen vaccines are more effective to elicit a robust immune response, and often a single dose is sufficient. A and B are correct (A) Inactivated whole-pathogen vaccines are usually less immunogenic and often require booster doses/s A and C are correct (C) Inactivated whole-pathogen vaccines never cause disease but live attenuated vaccines always cause a mild disease.arrow_forwardUsing arrows identify at least 2 different WBC types. Ignore the 3 splattered ones. One of these cell types is in a majority. From your learning, (a) Which lineage do they belong to? (b) State ONE 'infectious' condition in which they are likely to be in abundance, and why? (c) how would we go about differentiating them at their surface marker level?arrow_forward
- Explain why transplanting skin graft from the black mouse to white mouse results in rejection (A) Why (A) is it called a primary response?arrow_forwardCan understanding the evolutionary origin ofHIV help researchers devise better ways to treat AIDS and controlits spread? More generally, how can evolutionary thinkinghelp advance medical research?arrow_forwardFrom: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Researchers are trying to create a universal influenza vaccine - one that can confer %3D immunity to all, or nearly all, strains of influenza virus. The universal vaccine will target a stable antigen that is present on all influenza viruses that does not readily mutate to different forms. The target researchers are focusing on as a universal stable antigen is on the... The H spike head. O H spike neck N spike O Viral envelopearrow_forward
- Researchers have suggested that sleep apnoea (the tendency to occasionally stop breathing when asleep) may worsen the effects of allergen-induced asthma. To investigate this possibility, Johnson and colleagues (2015), compared two groups of rats, a normal healthy non-allergic group, and a second group that were mildly allergic to ovalbumin. They subjected these rats to one of two treatments – 1) a 10-minute period of induced hypoxia (oxygen down to 10% of the air), representing the kind of temporary hypoxia that sufferers of sleep apnoea may be subjected to, and 2) a control (normal air) group. They then compared the respiratory function of both groups in these two treatments by using a two-factor ANOVA. (Questions are on the next page). Source df F P Rat type 1 21.88 <0.0001 Oxygen treatment 1 141.13 <0.0001 Rat type x oxygen treatment 1 15.68 <0.001 Residual 36 What is the result of the test of the…arrow_forwardThe study by Wakefield et al. that purported to show a link between autism and the MMR vaccine was published in a peer-review journal. Later, it was retracted, which means that the journal's editors thought that the study shouldn't have been published. Which of the following were problems with the study? (a) There were important potential confounding variables, because the groups with and without the vaccine were recruited in different ways. (b) It contained lies. (c) It did not disclose that Wakefield's conflict of interest that he was involved in suing vaccine companies. (d) All of the abovearrow_forwardFor some time there has been evidence that the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides protection not only against the target disease (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), but also enhances responses to other infections (such as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans). Do you think the enhanced response to other infections, as described, is due to innate responses to the vaccine or adaptive responses? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
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