From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of Influenza A and two strains of Influenza B. These antigens are from the head of the H spikes - an area that Each year, sticks out from the virus and so, is very easy for human immune cells to detect. However, the problem with using the head of the H spike as an antigen is... The H spike head mutates very rapidly, so quickly changes to forms not recognized by human immune cells. O The H spike head is exposed on the surface of the virus for only a short period of time. Viruses quickly pull the H spikes back inside the virus, shielding them from human immune cells. O The H spike head is often too big for the human immune cells to attack. O The H spike head is often too small for the human immune cells to bind to.

From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of Influenza A and two strains of Influenza B. These antigens are from the head of the H spikes - an area that Each year, sticks out from the virus and so, is very easy for human immune cells to detect. However, the problem with using the head of the H spike as an antigen is... The H spike head mutates very rapidly, so quickly changes to forms not recognized by human immune cells. O The H spike head is exposed on the surface of the virus for only a short period of time. Viruses quickly pull the H spikes back inside the virus, shielding them from human immune cells. O The H spike head is often too big for the human immune cells to attack. O The H spike head is often too small for the human immune cells to bind to.

Principles Of Pharmacology Med Assist

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337512442

Author:RICE

Publisher:RICE

Chapter16: Antifungal, Antiviral, And Immunizing Agents

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 24RQ

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From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Researchers are trying to create a universal influenza vaccine - one that can confer immunity to all, or nearly all, strains of influenza virus. The universal vaccine will target a stable antigen that is present on all influenza viruses that does not readily mutate to different forms. The target researchers are focusing on as a universal stable antigen is on the... O The H spike head. O H spike neck O N spike O Viral envelope
Several vaccines against viral infections are made by isolating purified surface proteins of the viral particle, mixing them with an adjuvant to stimulate an innate immune response, and injecting the mixture into people. Two examples of this are the vaccine against Hepatitis B virus, and the vaccine against Human Papilloma Virus (the ‘cervical cancer’ vaccine). One interesting property of vaccines of this type (known as ‘subunit vaccines’) is that there is a requirement for a CD4 T cell response to the vaccine antigen in order to generate antibodies to the innocuous protein in the vaccine. In the case of the Hepatitis B vaccine, the viral protein included in the vaccine is the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HepB-SAg), a protein that is approximately 200 amino acids in length. The graph in Figure Q4.27 shows the data from immunizing individuals with this vaccine, and monitoring their production of protective antibody responses to the viral protein. a) What results would be predicted if…
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