Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 43, Problem 12TYU
Summary Introduction
To explain: The relationship between losing DNA in B and T cells during maturation and DNA as heritable biological information based on similarities between cellular and organismal generations.
Introduction:
The B cells and T cells are types of lymphocytes. They originate from the stem cells as other blood cellsby a process known as hematopoiesis. Some of the lymphocytes move to thymus that matures into T cells. The lymphocytes present in the bone marrow mature into B cells. An antigen binds tothe receptor present on B or T cell and elicits a B cell or T cell response. Unlike other cells of immune system, particular lymphocytes have an antigen receptor specific for one epitope. So, it can bind to antigen of any pathogen that displays that epitope.
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Researchers can make monoclonal antibodies by immunizing a mouse with a molecule (or with a microorganism). The resulting antibody-mediated response produces a set of antibodies that recognize different parts of the molecule. The mouse's B cells are then harvested from its spleen and fused with cancerous B cells from a myeloma cell line. The resulting hybrid myeloma ("hybridoma") cells are cloned: Individual cells are grown in tissue culture as separate cell lines. Each cell line produces and secretes antibodies that recognize one part of the immunizing molecule. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies, and they can be purified and used for research or other purposes. Monoclonal antibodies are effective for passive immunization, but only in the immediate term. Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but monoclonals delivered in passive immunization often last for less than a week. Why the difference?
Body Systems
Antigens are cellular parts that are able to bind to antibodies. Antigens are usually made out of proteins or polysaccharides, so they
include parts like the coats, capsules, or cell walls of pathogens (disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms).
Antibodies are proteins that are produced by the immune system to prevent the growth and spread of pathogens. Antibodies bind to
antigens, like keys fitting into specific locks.
Which of the following diagrams best represents an antigen-antibody complex?
Y
W.
X.
Y.
Z.
OA. X
OB. Z
OC. Y
CD. W
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The T-cell receptor gene segments are arranged in a similar pattern to immunoglobulin gene segments and are rearranged by the same enzymes. While B cells and T cells differ markedly in their functions during an immune response, the two lymphocyte subsets share the enzymatic machinery and overall scheme for generating antigen receptor diversity. This is because:
B cells and T cells recognize the same form of antigen expressed by an infecting pathogen.
Animals with B cells developed first, and later evolving species then developed T cells.
B cells and T cells both need enormous antigen receptor diversity to provide protection against the diversity of pathogens.
Antibody and T-cell receptor gene segments are both flanked by similar recombination signal sequences.
B cells and T cells both secrete their antigen receptor proteins after they are activated by antigen-binding.
Chapter 43 Solutions
Campbell Biology
Ch. 43.1 - Pus is both a sign of infection and an indicator...Ch. 43.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How do the molecules that...Ch. 43.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 43.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 43.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 43.2 - WHAT IF? If both copies of a light-chain gene and...Ch. 43.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 43.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 43.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 43.4 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 43.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 43.4 - WHAT IF? How would a macrophage deficiency likely...Ch. 43 - In what ways does innate immunity protect the...Ch. 43 - Why is the adaptive immune response to an initial...Ch. 43 - Is immunological memory after a natural infection...Ch. 43 - Prob. 43.4CRCh. 43 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 43 - An epitope associates with which part of an...Ch. 43 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 43 - Level 2: Application/Analysis 4. Which of the...Ch. 43 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 43 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 43 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 43 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 43 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Contrast clonal selection with...Ch. 43 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Describe one invertebrate...Ch. 43 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 43 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 43 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE This photo shows a child...
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