General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry - 4th edition
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781259883989
Author: by Janice Smith
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 4, Problem 80P
Lactic acid gives sour milk its distinctive taste. Lactic acid is also an ingredient in several skin care products that purportedly smooth fine lines and improve sking texture
- Add lone pairs where needed, and then count the total number of valence electrons in lactic acid.
- Determine the shape around the four indicated atoms.
- Labell all of the polar bonds.
- Is glycine a polar or nonpolar molecule? Explain.
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Question:
For each molecule, draw its shape using Lewis structures and VSEPR theory. Include your steps in creating each sketch. Each diagram should include labelled electronegativities and partial charges for each atom within the molecule, and vector arrows representing the magnitude and direction of each bond dipole and net dipole (for polar molecules). Finally, determine whether the molecule is polar or non-polar and explain your rationale based on bond polarity and molecular shape.
CH2Cl2
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SO2
HBr
Chapter 4 Solutions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry - 4th edition
Ch. 4.1 - Use electron-dot symbols to show how a hydrogen...Ch. 4.1 - Use electron-dot symbols to show how two chlorine...Ch. 4.1 - How many covalent bonds are predicted for each...Ch. 4.1 - Fill in the lone pairs on each atom to give every...Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 4.4PCh. 4.2 - Draw a Lewis structure for each covalent molecule....Ch. 4.2 - Draw a Lewis structure for dimethyl ether (C2H6O)...Ch. 4.2 - Prob. 4.4PPCh. 4.2 - Prob. 4.5PCh. 4.2 - Prob. 4.6P
Ch. 4.3 - Prob. 4.7PCh. 4.3 - Prob. 4.8PCh. 4.4 - Prob. 4.5PPCh. 4.4 - Draw resonance structures for each polyatomic...Ch. 4.4 - Nitrous oxide, N2O, is a sweet-smelling gas...Ch. 4.5 - Name each compound: (a) CS2; (b) SO2; (c) PCl5;...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 4.6PPCh. 4.6 - What is the shape around the indicated atom in...Ch. 4.6 - NaNH2, sodium amid, is a salt that contains a...Ch. 4.6 - Prob. 4.13PCh. 4.7 - Using the trends in the periodic table, rank the...Ch. 4.7 - Use electronegativity values to classify the...Ch. 4.8 - Label the polar bonds in each molecule, and then...Ch. 4.9 - Label the polar bonds in each molecule, and then...Ch. 4.9 - Use the ball-and-stick model of dihydrocapsaicin...Ch. 4 - For each pair of compounds, classify the bonding...Ch. 4 - For each pair of compounds, classify the bonding...Ch. 4 - Prob. 17PCh. 4 - How many bonds and lone pairs are typically...Ch. 4 - Prob. 19PCh. 4 - Fill in the lone pairs needed to give the main...Ch. 4 - Prob. 21PCh. 4 - Convert the 3-D model of the general anesthetic...Ch. 4 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for each molecule. Hl...Ch. 4 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for each molecule....Ch. 4 - Prob. 25PCh. 4 - Prob. 26PCh. 4 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for...Ch. 4 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for phosgene, CCl2O ,...Ch. 4 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for each ion: (a)...Ch. 4 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for each ion: (a)...Ch. 4 - Prob. 31PCh. 4 - Keeping in mind that some elements violate the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 33PCh. 4 - Prob. 34PCh. 4 - Prob. 35PCh. 4 - Prob. 36PCh. 4 - Prob. 37PCh. 4 - Label each pair of compounds are resonance...Ch. 4 - Prob. 39PCh. 4 - Draw three resonance structures for the nitrate...Ch. 4 - Name each covalent compound. PBr3 SO3 NCl3 P2S5Ch. 4 - Name each covalent compound. SF6 CBr4 N2O P4O10Ch. 4 - Prob. 43PCh. 4 - Prob. 44PCh. 4 - Add lone pairs where needed to give octets and...Ch. 4 - Add lone pairs where needed to give octets and...Ch. 4 - Prob. 47PCh. 4 - Match each compound with one of the molecular...Ch. 4 - Prob. 49PCh. 4 - Add lone pairs where needed to give octets and...Ch. 4 - Prob. 51PCh. 4 - Considering each of the given ball-and stick...Ch. 4 - Prob. 53PCh. 4 - Prob. 54PCh. 4 - Prob. 55PCh. 4 - Predict the bond angles around the indicated atoms...Ch. 4 - Prob. 57PCh. 4 - Prob. 58PCh. 4 - Rank the atoms in each group in order of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 60PCh. 4 - Prob. 61PCh. 4 - Identify elements D, E, and F and rank them in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 63PCh. 4 - Using electronegativity values, classify the bond...Ch. 4 - Label the bond formed between carbon and each of...Ch. 4 - Label the bond formed between fluroine and each of...Ch. 4 - Which bond in each pair is more polar-that is, has...Ch. 4 - Which bond in each pair is more polar-that is, has...Ch. 4 - Prob. 69PCh. 4 - Prob. 70PCh. 4 - Label the polar bonds and then decide if each...Ch. 4 - Label the polar bonds and then decide if each...Ch. 4 - Prob. 73PCh. 4 - Explain why H2O is a polar molecule but H2S is...Ch. 4 - Convert each ball-and-stick model to a Lewis...Ch. 4 - Convert each ball-and-stick model to a Lewis...Ch. 4 - Answer the following questions about the molecule...Ch. 4 - Answer the following question about the molecule...Ch. 4 - Prob. 79PCh. 4 - Lactic acid gives sour milk its distinctive taste....Ch. 4 - Use the ball-and-stick model of zingerone, a...Ch. 4 - Prob. 82PCh. 4 - Prob. 83PCh. 4 - Prob. 84PCh. 4 - Isobutyl cyanoacrylate is used in medical glues to...Ch. 4 - Prob. 86PCh. 4 - Cyclopropane is a stable compound that contains...Ch. 4 - Prob. 88CPCh. 4 - Prob. 89CPCh. 4 - Prob. 90CP
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- Draw Lewis structures showing all valence electrons for these molecules. (a) C2H6 (b) CS2 (c) HCNarrow_forwardPart E: Polarity of Molecules After watching the video on Polarity of Molecules, determine if the entire molecule for each structure shown below is polar or nonpolar. In addition, be sure to indicate polar bonds using arrows or partial charge (delta ō signs) as shown in the first example. Remember, a C-H bond is nonpolar and nonpolar bonds would not require an arrow in this process. 3D Sketch of Molecule Polar or Nonpolar? Formula Molecular Geometry Tetrahedral &- CH2Cl2 Polar CH3CI Tetrahedral CI H. CC14 Tetrahedral CI Co Cl CI CI NH3 Trigonal pyramidal H. H. SO2 Bent CO2 Linear 180° 0=C=0 H2CO Trigonal planar H. H.arrow_forwardThe compound XeCl2F2 can exist in two different forms. One form is polar and the other form is non-polar. Draw a valid Lewis structure of XeCl2F2. Then, draw two 3-dimensional representations of this molecule (including all lone pairs); one that shows the polar form with a correct dipole arrow and the other that shows the non-polar form of the molecule.arrow_forward
- Draw the Lewis Structure for NH2CH2CO2H. Now answer the following questions based on your Lewis structure: (Enter an integer value only.) # single bonds in the entire molecule # double bonds in the entire molecule # lone pairs in the entire moleculearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements could be true regarding polar molecules?Choose one or more: A polar molecule will not contain polar bonds. A polar molecule may have one or more lone pairs. A polar molecule has an uneven distribution of electron density. A polar molecule will never contain nonpolar bonds. The bond dipoles in a polar molecule will cancel.arrow_forwardFor each central atom in the molecule shown in the attached picture, decide if it is polar nonpolar.arrow_forward
- Predicting whether molecules are polar or onpo Decide whether each molecule or polyatomic ion is polar or nonpolar. If the molecule or polyatomic ion is polar, write the chemical symbol of the atom closest to the negative side. For example, if the molecule were HCl and you decided the hydrogen atom was closest to the negative side of the molecule, vou'd enter "H" in the last column of the table. atom closest to polar or nonpolar? molecule or polyatomic ion negative side O polar HCN O nonpolar O polar SIF, nonpolar polar HCL O nonpolar Explanation Check © 2021 McGraw-Hill Education. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use Privacy Accessibility Ov I 11:31 acer ied ned pag din heme page up esc 2$ % & %23 * backspace delete 3 5 7 8 9 tab e y u Potesarrow_forwardWrite a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules. H3COCH3 (oxygen is between the two carbon atoms) Draw the molecule by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. Include all lone pairs of electrons.arrow_forwardPick the approximate bond angle indicated of the molecule with the Lewis structure below. All atoms except H have an octet of electrons. Lone pairs are not indicated. H C-H H-C-0-C Harrow_forward
- Use the Molecular Polarity Simulation to complete the following. Effect of Molecular Geometry on Polarity For each molecule: Sketch each molecule as shown in the simulation. Include arrows to show the bond dipoles as well as a molecular dipole (if present). Circle polar or nonpolar to indicate the polarity of the molecule. Name the molecular geometry (from Part A) H2O vs CO2 H2O CO2 polar nonpolar polar nonpolar Molecular Geometry Molecular Geometry Question 1a: How does the molecular geometry (linear vs bent) affect the molecular polarity?arrow_forwardUse the Molecule Shape simulator (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16MolecShape) to build amolecule. Starting with the central atom, click on the double bond to add one double bond. Then add one single bond and one lone pair. Rotate the molecule to observe the complete geometry. Name the electron group geometry and molecular structure and predict the bond angle. Then click the check boxes at the bottom and right of the simulator to check your answers.arrow_forward2. Infer In a line-angle formula, each line repre- sents a carbon-carbon bond. Each end of a line, as well as the intersection of lines, represents a carbon atom. Knowing that carbon always forms four covalent bonds, use labeled drawings to summarize how to determine the number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon in a line-angle formula.arrow_forward
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