Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134813448
Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.
Publisher: Pearson,
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Chapter 37.2, Problem 1CSC
If phagocytes kill most species of bacteria that enter mucous membranes or a wound, how did infection kill Jim Henson and destroy Aimee Copeland’s tissues? Both S pyogenes and deadly strains of A. hydrophila are surrounded by polysaccharide capsules that phagocytic cells often do not recognize as foreign. Consequently, the phagocytes do not attack these bacteria. If such nonspecific defenses fail, can the adaptive immune response step in?
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The classical complement pathway is initiated by C1q binding to the surface of a pathogen. In some cases, C1q can directly bind the pathogen, for instance by recognizing proteins of bacterial cell walls, but in most cases C1q binds to IgM antibodies that are bound to the pathogen surface. How does this IgM-binding feature of C1q contribute to rapid, innate immune responses rather than to slow, adaptive responses?
C1q induces B lymphocytes to begin secreting antibody within hours of pathogen exposure.
Natural antibody that binds to many microbial pathogens is produced prior to pathogen exposure.
C1q binds to C-reactive protein which then binds to IgM on the pathogen surface.
C1q directly induces inflammation, recruiting phagocytes and antibodies from the blood into the infected tissue.
C1q binds to dendritic cells in the infected tissue, inducing them to secrete inflammatory cytokines.
What is a cytokine?
A
) a. a chemical mediator (stimulus) of inflammation that is released by cells in response to tissue or cell damage
O b. an antimicrobial substance made by neutrophils
O c. a repair stimulator produced by Eosinophils during an allergic reaction
O d. cellular (cyto-) substance that mediates noisy arguments between macrophages and lymphocytes
And that I put A
Cardiac disease is considered a(n)
O a. acute, 3
O b. acute, 10
1 c. chronic, 3
O d. chronic, 10
Oe, acutely chronic, 114
And that I put Chronic 3
Are the 3 questions correct?
Draw a figure illustrating the sequence of events in a typical inflammatory response to a bacterial
infection caused by injury to the skin (in 3 main stages).
Include a note at top of figure: Is this an example of an innate response or adaptive immune response?
Include the following structures/cells/chemicals: epidermis, dermis, splinter contaminated with bacteria
puncturing skin, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, nitric oxide (as blue dots), endothelial cells lining
capillary, red blood cells within capillary, histamine (as green dots).
Under each stage, describe the events occurring in the 3 main stages:
Stage 1: What do mast cells and endothelial cells produce in initial response to injury? What do the
chemicals produced by the cells do?
Stage 2: What happens to capillaries? What leaks out of capillaries to enter the site of the wound?
Stage 3: What do neutrophils and macrophages do? What happens to capillaries at this point?
Chapter 37 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 37.1 - compare and contrast the terms microbe and...Ch. 37.1 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.2 - Prob. 1TCCh. 37.2 - If phagocytes kill most species of bacteria that...Ch. 37.2 - describe the external barriers to Infection,...Ch. 37.2 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.3 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.3 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.4 - Prob. 1TCCh. 37.4 - Prob. 1CYL
Ch. 37.4 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.4 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 37.5 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.5 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.6 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.6 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.7 - Prob. 1HYEWCh. 37.7 - Prob. 1TCCh. 37.7 - explain how antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and...Ch. 37.7 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 37.8 - What might be the evolutionary advantage of...Ch. 37.8 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.9 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 37.9 - describe current medical treatments against...Ch. 37.9 - Prob. 1CTCh. 37 - Prob. 1MCCh. 37 - Prob. 2MCCh. 37 - Molecules that label your cells as self are a....Ch. 37 - Prob. 4MCCh. 37 - The immune system usually does not attack your...Ch. 37 - External defenses against microbial invasion...Ch. 37 - Prob. 2FIBCh. 37 - Prob. 3FIBCh. 37 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 37 - Prob. 5FIBCh. 37 - Prob. 6FIBCh. 37 - Prob. 1RQCh. 37 - Prob. 2RQCh. 37 - Describe humoral immunity and cell-mediated...Ch. 37 - Prob. 4RQCh. 37 - Prob. 5RQCh. 37 - Prob. 6RQCh. 37 - Prob. 7RQCh. 37 - What are memory cells? How do they contribute to...Ch. 37 - Prob. 9RQCh. 37 - Prob. 10RQCh. 37 - Prob. 11RQCh. 37 - Prob. 12RQCh. 37 - Prob. 13RQCh. 37 - Why is it essential that antibodies and T-cell...Ch. 37 - Prob. 2AC
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- 1) According to the video, what is another name for the innate immune sys and what does this system do? 2) According to the video, what causes inflammation and what cells cause it? 3) According to the video, what happens to neutrophils after they consume a pathogen? 4) According to the video, natural killer cells; what do they do? 5) The adaptive/acquired immune system can tell the difference between types of pathogens: true or false? 6) According to the video, helper t- function: 7) According to the video, cytotoxic t cells function: 8) According to the video, memory cells function:arrow_forwardIn Lubeck, Germany, in 1930, a group of 251 infants was accidentally administered a tainted vaccine for tuberculosis that contained live Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This vaccine was administered orally, directly exposing the infants to the deadly bacterium. Many of these infants contracted tuberculosis, and some died. However, 44 of the infants never contracted tuberculosis. Based on your knowledge of the innate immune system, what innate defenses might have inhibited M. tuberculosis enough to prevent these infants from contracting the disease?arrow_forwardOpsonization of pathogens by both antibodies and complement proteins (C3b) leads to uptake and destruction of the pathogen by phagocytic cells that express both Fc receptors and complement receptors. Which of the following in the figure below is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the pathogen by antibody and C3b to maximize phagocytosis?arrow_forward
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