Life: The Science of Biology
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Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
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Chapter 3.2, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The most probable explanation for the observations that replacement of glycine (G) with alanine (A) or serine (S) does not change the shape of a protein, while replacement of G with valine (V) results in the change in the protein’s shape.
Introduction:
A change in the protein shape takes place with even a small change in its amino acid sequence. For example, the glycine resides at a particular location in a protein and makes certain interactions with other amino acids. Replacement of glycine with arginine (R) or glutamic acid (Q) results in a considerable change in the shape of protein near the amino acid change.
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The structures of the amino acids lysine and aspartic acid are shown:
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The tertiary structure of a given protein contains an interaction between aspartic acid and lysine.
a. Explain how the structure of amino acids determine the function.
b. A mutation occurred in DNA of a globular enzyme. If the lysine amino acids were found within the active site of the enzyme, describe the effect this change is likely to have on enzymatic function.
c. If a mutation in the DNA of a globular enzyme changed all of the lysine amino acids to aspartic acid, predict how the relative position of the amino acid in the tertiary structure of the protein would be affected when
the protein is placed in an aqueous solution.
d. Justify your prediction by providing evidence that supports your claim.
Which of the following describes the most likely outcome of a mutation that causes a sin-
gle amino acid to be removed from a protein subunit?
A
It will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the protein.
B
с
D
It will affect the secondary and tertiary structures of the protein but not the primary
structure.
There will be no observable effect on the structure of the protein.
It will change the primary structure of the protein without affecting other structures in
the protein.
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- Amino acid sequence in a protein that can form N-glycosylation is called a glycosylation sequon. Which of the following is such a sequon? a. Asn-Ala-Thr b. Gln-Ala-Thr c. Asn-Pro-Pro d. Asn-Ala-Ala e. Gln-Ala-Alaarrow_forwardWhich of these amino acids is a hydrophobic amino acid? (Select all that apply, if necessary.) A. B. C. D. E. iº H₂N-CH-C CH₂ T CH₂ CH₂ NH C=NH2 NH₂ amino acid E amino acid D amino acid B amino acid C amino acid A 200 H₂N-CH-C CH₂ C=O I OO H₂N-CH-C- CH₂ CH₂ T C=O T NH₂ 0 H₂N-CH- CH₂ CH-CH3 CH3 H₂N-CH-C CH₂ I OH -0arrow_forwardIn the amino acid sequence below, the amino acid residue in red was shown to be essential to the function of the protein. .VAIALWLIFWFIISVGGIY. If this residue was to be replaced by another, which of the following replacements would most likely lead to an abrogation of the protein's function? OL O E OG O Aarrow_forward
- Residues such as valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, andphenylalanine are often found in the interior of proteins,whereas arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid areoften found on the surface of proteins. Suggest a reason forthis observation. Where would you expect to find glutamine,glycine, and alanine?arrow_forwardWhich of these amino acids is a polar, uncharged amino acid? (Select all that apply, if necessary.) A. B. D. E. CHLO H₂N-CH-C CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ NH C=NH2 NH₂ amino acid A amino acid C amino acid D amino acid B amino acid E H₂N-CH-C CH₂ _i_g C. H₂N-CH-C- CH2₂ I CH₂ =0 NH₂ H₂N-CH- CH₂ CH-CH3 CH3 H₂ND H₂N-CH- | CH₂ Ï OHarrow_forward1) If a mutation caused an alanine to turn in glycine, what kind of effect do you think that would have on the protein structure? Explain your reasoning. 2) If a mutation caused an alanine to turn into a glutamine, what effect do you think that would have on a protein? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forward
- Which of these amino acids is a basic amino acid? (Select all that apply, if necessary.) A. B. C. D. O MNCHI MCHEⓇ || H₂N- H₂N- CH-C- CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ C=O CH₂ Oe NH + C=NH2 NH₂ amino acid E amino acid D amino acid A amino acid B amino acid C H₂N-CH- CH₂ T CH₂ C=O T NH₂ H₂NⓇ 용_。 CH₂ CH-CH3 CH3 E. H₂N-CH-C-0 CH₂ OHarrow_forwardResearchers investigating the protein composition in mice have identified a new protein and found evidence of sulfur-containing cysteine at regular intervals in its primary structure. Which of the following best describes the most direct significance of this finding? A B с D The secondary structure of the protein will include tightly would alpha-helices but no beta sheets. The tertiary structure of the protein likely contains a relatively high number of bends and angles. The protein will form a relatively highly stable tertiary structure. The dietary intake of mice must include the regular ingestion of cysteine.arrow_forwardWhich of the following amino acids is most likely to be found on the outside of a soluble protein, and which of them is more likely to be found on the inside? Explain each answer. (Hint: Consider the effect of the amino acidside chain in each case and that the protein is folded up into its globular form.)(a) Valine (b) Aspartate(c) Histidine (d) Alaninearrow_forward
- I was given an amino acid position 564 with the PDC code 2V1X. Would it be possible to describe why this position in the protein is important and outline the effects the mutation will have on the structure / function of the protein? Thank you.arrow_forwardWhen an inappropriate amino acid is substituted in place of another, as occurs in certain genetic disorders, the resulting protein is either poorly functional or non-functional. Since proteins contain hundreds if not thousands of amino acids, why should the change of a single amino acid be so critical?arrow_forwardImagine the main chain of a protein bends back on itself, so that two amino acid residues R, and R, come close to each other. In the table below are four possibilities for what R, and R, might be. In each case, decide whether a specific interaction could form between the residues. If a specific interaction could form, give the name of the interaction. R1 R2 specific interaction? name of specific interaction O yes serine tyrosine O no О yes valine threonine O no O yes threonine glutamine O no О yes cysteine cysteine noarrow_forward
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