Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 3.1, Problem 6R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reactions that link the following three number of monomers to form a
H–A–OH, H–B–OH, H–C–OH
Introduction:
A polymer is formed by condensation of individual monomer units. Each monomer unit undergoes a condensation reaction, linking them together. During the condensation reaction, a water molecule is lost. Monomers are linked with the help of covalent bonds.
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The polymer chains of glycosaminoglycans are widelyspread apart and bind large amounts of water.a. What two functional groups of the polymer make thisbinding of water possible?b. What type of bonding is involved?
Consider the structure of the tripeptide (in its fully protonated form) below.
H
H
H
+ I ||
H₂N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-OH
1
I |
H CH₂ H CH₂
CH₂
T
C=O
OH
AA1
0=0
||
HC-CH3
CH3
AA2
AA3
0=C
1. Give the sequence of the tripeptide using the ONE-LETTER DESIGNATION (UPPERCASE LETTER) with NO spaces and symbols between each letter.
2. How many ionizable groups are there in the tripeptide? Give the numerical value (e.g., 10 not ten).
• pH 10: {Choices: -2, -1, 0, +1, +2}
3. Which amino acid residue has one ionizable group left upon forming the tripeptide? {Choices: AA1, AA2, AA3, none, all}
4. Give the net charge of the dominant structure of the tripeptide at the given pH values. The pK, values of the amino acids are given in Table 1.
• pH 4: {Choices: -2, -1, 0, +1, +2}
In principle, there are many different, chemically diverse ways in which small molecules can be linked to form polymers. For example, the small molecule ethene (CH2=CH2) is used commercially to make the plastic polyethylene (...–CH2–CH2– CH2–CH2–CH2–...). The individual subunits of the three major classes of biological macromolecules, however, are all linked by similar reaction mechanisms, i.e., by condensation reactions that eliminate water. Can you think of any benefits that this chemistry offers and why it might have been selected in evolution?
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- The functions of biomolecules in cells and organisms are enabled by their specific chemical properties. Many biological macromolecules are polymers comprised of monomer molecules held together by specific types of bonds. Give the names of the corresponding monomer and type of bond that constitute the following polymeric macromolecules. Polymer Monomer BondNucleic AcidPolysaccharideProteinarrow_forwardStructures of proteins comprising domains separated by flexible linker regions can be quite difficult to solve by x-ray crystallographic methods. Why might this be the case? What are possible experimental approaches to circumvent this barrier?arrow_forwardThe structure shown is an example of a type of macromolecule (carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid) that is an important biological polymer. Identify the type of macromolecule macromolecule in the cell. H H H NH H H H H H N|H shown, the type of monomer it is made from, how you came to your conclusion and the general types of important biological functions of this type of 2=0 N-H -O-Harrow_forward
- H OH CH2OH D H ОН H الحزن ОН CH2OH ОН H ОН I Which of the following statements correctly describes this structure? (A) The monomer units are bonded by beta 1-2 glycosidic linkage. B The monomer units are bonded by alpha 1-2 glycosidic linkage. The monomer units are bonded by alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage. The monomer units are bonded by beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage. H CH2OH H ОН H ОН H ОНarrow_forwardAccording to the configuration of the isostatic, syndiotactic and atactic polymers. Define each of the three configurations and give an example of each of the configurations.(Add the internet link or the bibliographic source where they found the information of the examples)arrow_forwardIn regards to the protein structure, explain what is meant by “tertiary structure.” Whatare the main forces that stabilize tertiary structures in proteins? Provide examples.arrow_forward
- Casein is a biological polymer—what are the monomers of this polymer? (General term)arrow_forwardConsider the following tripeptide:Gly—Ala—ValWhat is the charge of the primary structure of proteins at pH 1,5,10, and 12? Draw their structures (structural formulas) and predict their net charge.arrow_forwardList the 3 types of of macromolecules that form polymers, and next to each one list the monomers that make up each type. For the 4th type of macromolecule, explain in one sentence why its components would not really be considered monomers.arrow_forward
- Describe the forces that are involved in the tertiary structure of a protein and give an example of each force listed.arrow_forwardPlease help me with the following 1) sketch a phosphodiester bondarrow_forwardIn nature, which type of polymers are dominant and why. (Hint: condensation or chain polymers!)arrow_forward
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