Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 3.1, Problem 4C
Summary Introduction
To explain: The way in which the designation that a group is non-polar, polar, acidic, or basic is related to its hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties.
Introduction: An organic compound is defined as the chemical compound that has carbon and other elements. A
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which of the following statements is correct regarding the affect of pH on the ionization of R groups in amino acids. Put yes or no next to each number.
1) at an acidic pH, amino groups in an R group tend to lonize by accepting a proton and have a positive charge2) at an acidic pH, carboxyl groups in an R group are likely to be in an unionized state.3) at an alkaline pH, amino groups in an R group have a tendency to remain unionized (and uncharged).4) at an alkaline pH, carboxyl groups in an R group have a tendency to lonize by loosing a hydrogen ion (H+)5) R groups that do not have an amino or carboxyl group do not ionize at pH of the environment changes.
Above is trehalose dimycolate, a lipid that allows the bacteria that cause tuberculosis to spread throughout the lung. What is the best way to classify this molecule?
:positively charged
:mostly hydrophobic
:negatively charged
:polar
:hydrophilic
What is meant by “polarity” of a polypeptide chain and by “polarity” of a chemical bond? How do the meanings differ?
Chapter 3 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 3.1 - Describe the properties of carbon that make it the...Ch. 3.1 - Define the term isomer and distinguish among the...Ch. 3.1 - Identify the major functional groups present in...Ch. 3.1 - Explain the relationship between polymers and...Ch. 3.1 - What are some of the ways that the features of...Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 2CCh. 3.1 - Prob. 3CCh. 3.1 - Prob. 4CCh. 3.1 - Prob. 5CCh. 3.2 - Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides,...
Ch. 3.2 - VISUALIZE Draw simple sketches comparing the...Ch. 3.3 - Distinguish among fats, phospholipids, and...Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 1CCh. 3.3 - Explain why the structure of phospholipids enables...Ch. 3.4 - Give an overall description of the structure and...Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 8LOCh. 3.4 - Distinguish among the four levels of organization...Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 1CCh. 3.4 - Prob. 2CCh. 3.5 - Describe the components of a nucleotide. Name some...Ch. 3.5 - VISUALIZE Sketch a pyrimidine nucleotide subunit...Ch. 3.6 - Compare the functions and chemical compositions of...Ch. 3.6 - How can you distinguish a pentose sugar from a...Ch. 3 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 3 - VISUALIZE The structures depicted are (a)...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 3 - The synthetic process by which monomers are...Ch. 3 - A monosaccharide designated as an aldehyde sugar...Ch. 3 - Structural polysaccharides typically (a) have...Ch. 3 - Saturated fatty acids are so named because they...Ch. 3 - Fatty acids in phospholipids and triacylglycerols...Ch. 3 - Which of the following levels of protein structure...Ch. 3 - Which of the following associations between R...Ch. 3 - Each phosphodiester linkage in DNA or RNA includes...Ch. 3 - PREDICT Do any of the amino acid side groups shown...Ch. 3 - PREDICT Like oxygen, sulfur forms two covalent...Ch. 3 - Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions are...Ch. 3 - EVOLUTION LINK In what ways are all species alike...Ch. 3 - EVOLUTION LINK The total number of possible amino...Ch. 3 - EVOLUTION LINK Each amino acid could potentially...
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- What is misleading about the term hydrophobic bond? What drives the hydrophobic effect? How is it less correct to think about the attraction of hydrophobic groups than to consider the change in the water structure?arrow_forwardWhy is it important that the oleic acid molecule has a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end?arrow_forwardWhat are functional groups in biological molecules? Functional groups: Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Carboxyl group Amino group Sulfhydryl group Phosphate group Methyl grouparrow_forward
- What atoms must be present in a molecule for it to be consideredorganic?arrow_forwardHydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions play important roles in stabilizing and organizing biological macromolecules. Describe how hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions affect the form and function of proteins.arrow_forwardList the four types of non-covalent interactions that are important in providing stability to the three-dimensional structures of macromolecules. Why is it important that these interactions be non-covalent, rather than covalent, bonds?arrow_forward
- When phospholipids are carefully mixed with water they are observed to exhibit which of the following properties? a) Spontaneous organization into stable structures within the water environment, b) Orientation of the Phosphate parts of the molecule away from fatty acid (non-polar) environment of a bilayer, c) Hydrophilic orientation of the ionic section of the phospholipid molecules to the polar portions of the water molecules, d) All are true, e) None are true.arrow_forwardExercise A: Amino Acid Functional Groups Figure 1 below shows one of the 20 amino acids that make up proteins. Recall that carbon can form four covalent bonds. Amino acids consist of a central carbon, called the a-carbon, that is bonded to four different chemical groups. H + CH2 OH Figure 1. Structure of an amino acid Answer the below questions in your own document. • On the amino acid shown in Figure 1, label the a-carbon. • The a-carbon of each of the 20 amino acids is bonded to one hydrogen atom, one amino group, one carboxyl group, and one R group (more on that below). You should recognize the amino and carboxyl groups from our discussion of functional groups in organic molecules. Circle and label* the amino group and the carboxyl group in Figure 1. *Note: our goal in this question, and in similar questions throughout this lab, is for you to be able to identify specific structures. You can do this circling/labeling in whatever way is easiest for you. You might want to draw the…arrow_forwardIdentify the following features of this phospholipid, which is needed for the brain and nerve tissues: Is the phospholipid formed from glycerol or sphingosine? What is the fatty acid? What type of bond connects the fatty acid? What is the amino alcohol?arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is TRUE for nonpolar amino acid residues of polypeptides or proteins in an aqueous solution? None of the above They are hydrophilic and found buried within proteins They are hydrophilic and found on protein surfaces They are hydrophobic and found on protein surfaces They are hydrophobic and found buried within proteinsarrow_forwardWhich of the following describes how regions of phospholipids are arranged in the cell membrane? Hydrophobic fatty acid regions are positioned toward polar environments. Hydrophilic phosphate regions are positioned toward nonpolar environments. Hydrophilic phosphate regions face each other within the interior of the cell membrane. Hydrophobic fatty acid regions face each other within the interior of the cell membrane.arrow_forwardarrange the following lipids in order of decreasing polarity: cholesterol, triglyceride, estradiol, fatty acid, phosphatidyl cholinearrow_forward
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