Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781337408332
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 3, Problem 4DAA
Effects of Dietary Fats on Lipoprotein Levels
Cholesterol that is made by the liver or that enters the body from food cannot dissolve in blood, so it is carried through the bloodstream in clumps called lipoprotein particles. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles carry cholesterol to body tissues such as artery walls, where they can form deposits associated with cardiovascular disease. Thus, LDL is often called “bad” cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles carry cholesterol away from tissues to the liver for disposal, so HDL is often called “good” cholesterol. In 1990, Ronald Mensink and Martijn Katan published a study that tested the effects of different dietary fats on blood lipoprotein levels. Their results are shown in FIGURE 3.2.
FIGURE 3.2 Effect of diet on lipoprotein levels. Researchers placed 59 men and women on a diet in which 10 percent of their daily energy intake consisted of cis fatty acids, trans fatty acids, or saturated fats.
The amounts of LDL and HDL in the blood were measured after three weeks on the diet; averaged results are shown in mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter of blood). All subjects were tested on each of the diets. The ratio of LDL to HDL is also shown.
Rank the three diets from best to worst according to their potential effect on heart disease.
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Lipoprotein particles (Figure 3.18) are spherical clusters of protein and lipid molecules that circulate in the blood of animals and are rather substantial in size (see Figure 3.11). They function similarly to suitcases, transporting cholesterol, fatty acid residues, triglycerides, and phospholipids from one location in the body to another throughout the body. In light of your knowledge of lipid insolubility in water, which of the four types of lipids would you expect to be on the exterior of a lipoprotein clump that is bathed in the water-based fluid part of blood?
Lipoproteins are relatively large, combined clumps of both protein and lipid molecules that circulate in the blood of mammals. They come in two forms, called HDL and LDL, and they act like suitcases to move cholesterol, fatty acid remnants, triglycerides, and phospholipids from one place to another through the bloodstream. (LDL recirculates lipids throughout the body, while HDL takes lipids to the liver to excrete them in feces.) Given that lipids are hydrophobic and proteins can be hydrophilic, which of the following statements is correct? (a) The lipid portion of LDL does not dissolve in the bloodstream, while the lipid portion of HDL does. (b) The protein portions of both LDL and HDL can dissolve or interact with the water molecules in the bloodstream. (c) Neither the protein nor the lipid portions of LDL molecules can interact with water molecules in the bloodstream. (d) Both the protein and the lipid portions of HDL molecules can interact with water molecules in the bloodstream.…
Chapter 3 Solutions
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 3 - Effects of Dietary Fats on Lipoprotein Levels...Ch. 3 - Effects of Dietary Fats on Lipoprotein Levels...Ch. 3 - Effects of Dietary Fats on Lipoprotein Levels...Ch. 3 - Effects of Dietary Fats on Lipoprotein Levels...Ch. 3 - Organic molecules consist mainly of ______ atoms....Ch. 3 - Prob. 2SQCh. 3 - _______ groups are the acid part of amino acids...Ch. 3 - _________ is a simple sugar (a monosaccharide). a....Ch. 3 - Name three carbohydrates that can be built using...Ch. 3 - Unlike saturated fats, the fatty acid tails of...
Ch. 3 - Prob. 7SQCh. 3 - Steroids are among the lipids with no _________....Ch. 3 - Which of the following is a class of molecules...Ch. 3 - ________ are to proteins as _______ are to nucleic...Ch. 3 - A denatured protein has lost its _______ . a....Ch. 3 - A ________ is an example of protein secondary...Ch. 3 - In the following list, identify the carbohydrate,...Ch. 3 - Match the molecules with the best description....Ch. 3 - Match each polymer with its component monomers....Ch. 3 - Prob. 1CTCh. 3 - Lipoprotein particles are relatively large,...Ch. 3 - In 1976, a team of chemists in the United Kingdom...
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- Effects of Dietary Fats on Lipoprotein Levels Cholesterol that is made by the liver or that enters the body from food does not dissolve in blood, so it is carried through the bloodstream by lipoproteins. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol to body tissues such as artery walls, where it can form deposits associated with cardiovascular disease. Thus, LDL is often called bad cholesterol. Highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) carries cholesterol away from tissues to the liver for disposal, so HDL is often called good cholesterol. In 1990, Ronald Mensink and Martijn Katan published a study that tested the effects of different dietary fats on blood lipoprotein levels. Their results are shown in Figure 2.23. In which group was the level of LDL (bad cholesterol) highest?arrow_forwardEffects of Dietary Fats on Lipoprotein Levels Cholesterol that is made by the liver or that enters the body from food does not dissolve in blood, so it is carried through the bloodstream by lipoproteins. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol to body tissues such as artery walls, where it can form deposits associated with cardiovascular disease. Thus, LDL is often called bad cholesterol. Highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) carries cholesterol away from tissues to the liver for disposal, so HDL is often called good cholesterol. In 1990, Ronald Mensink and Martijn Katan published a study that tested the effects of different dietary fats on blood lipoprotein levels. Their results are shown in Figure 2.23. Figure 2.23 Effect of diet on lipoprotein levels. Researchers placed 59 men and women on a diet in which 10 percent of their daily energy intake consisted of cis fatty acids, trans fatty acids, or saturated fats. Blood LDL and HDL levels were measured after three weeks on the diet; averaged results are shown in mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter of blood). All subjects were tested on each of the diets. The ratio of LDL to HDL is also shown. Source, Mensink RP, Katan MB, Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy subjects. NEJM 323(7):43945. An elevated risk of heart disease has been correlated with increasing LDL-to-HDL ratios. Rank the three diets according to their predicted effect on cardiovascular health.arrow_forwardFatty acids are a component of fats but have distinct chemical difference apart from fats that would allow them to travel fairly freely in the aqueous environment of the blood stream. They don’t, however, and are transported with serum albumin. What about the chemistry of fatty acids makes it so that it might not be good to have a lot of them traveling freely in the bloodstream?arrow_forward
- Some foods naturally have high levels of the free amino acid. For example, parmesan cheese (1689 mg), tomato (246 mg), scallop (159 mg), corn (106 g), and shrimp (43 mg). Wheat protein (gluten) is typically comprised of 30-35% of this amino acid. People with celiac disease cannot metabolize gluten, but have no trouble with foods high in the natural amino acid or MSG. Why is this?arrow_forwardLipoproteins are relatively large, spherical clumps of protein and lipid molecules that circulate in the blood of mammals. They are like suitcases that move cholesterol, fatty acid remnants, triglycerides, and phospholipids from one place to another in the body. Given what you know about the insolubility of lipids in water, which of the four kinds of lipids would you predict to be on the outside of a lipoprotein clump, bathed in the fluid portion of blood?arrow_forwardIn dietary context, what is the difference between good and bad cholesterol? In dietary context, how do HDL and LDL differ in function?arrow_forward
- Lipoprotein particles are relatively large, sphericalclumps of protein and lipid molecules (see Figure 3.18)that circulate in the blood of mammals. They are likesuitcases that move cholesterol, fatty acid remnants, triglycerides, and phospholipids from one place to anotherin the body. Given what you know about the solubilityof lipids in water, which types of lipids would you predict to be on the outside of a lipoprotein clump, bathedin the water-based fluid portion of blood?arrow_forwardDescribe TWO important roles of cholesterol that relates to human physiology with examples.arrow_forwardCholesterol that is made by the liver or that enters the body from food does not dissolve in blood, so it is carried through the bloodstream by lipoproteins. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol to body tissues such as artery walls, where it can form deposits associated with cardiovascular disease. Thus, LDL is often called "bad" cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) carries cholesterol away from tissues to the liver for disposal, so HDL is often called "good" cholesterol. LDL levels were highest in the diet containing primarily ______. A. cis fatty acids B. saturated fats C. trans fatty acidsarrow_forward
- When natural monounsaturated fats generally undergo the chemical process of partial hydrogenation, their fatty acid chains are converted into the following two forms: trans and saturated. O True Falsearrow_forwardCholic acid and deoxycholic acid function in solubilizing dietary lipids in the process of digestion and thereby help in their absorption in the intestine. These molecules belong to which category of lipids? triacylglycerols O glycerophospholipids O sphingolipids terpenes steroidsarrow_forwardExplain why HDL lipoprotein particle is called “good” cholesterol.arrow_forward
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