(a) Interpretation: The effect of increasing the mass of stationaryphase relative to the packing masson the plate height needs to be explained. Concept introduction: As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Question

(a) Write TWO (2) functions of XRF in materials characterisation.(b) Appraise the sample preparation for X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Test.(c) Support the idea of solid material can be described as amorphous and crystalline especially in XRD characterization.(d) Compare between X-ray Powder Diffaction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in terms of their similarities and differences.

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 27, Problem 27.27QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the mass of stationaryphase relative to the packing masson the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the rate of sample injection on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the injection port temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases.For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the flow rate on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effect of reducing the particle sizeof the packing on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the column temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

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(a) Write TWO (2) functions of XRF in materials characterisation.(b) Appraise the sample preparation for X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Test.(c) Support the idea of solid material can be described as amorphous and crystalline especially in XRD characterization.(d) Compare between X-ray Powder Diffaction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in terms of their similarities and differences.

What other method besides conductivity can be used to determine CMC (critical micelle concentration)?

One method for quantitative determination of the concentration of constituents in a sample analyzed by gas chromatography is the area normalization method. In this method, complete elution of all of the sample constituents is necessary. The area of each peak is then measured and corrected for differences in detector response to the different eluates. This correction is accomplished by dividing the area by an empirically determined correction factor. The concentration of the analyte is found from the ratio of its corrected area to the total corrected area of all peaks. For a chromatogram containing three peaks, the relative areas were found to be 16.4, 45.2, and 30.2 in the order of increasing retention time. Calculate the percentage of each compound if the relative detector responses were 0.60, 0.78, and 0.88, respectively

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 27, Problem 27.27QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the mass of stationaryphase relative to the packing masson the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the rate of sample injection on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the injection port temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases.For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the flow rate on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effect of reducing the particle sizeof the packing on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the column temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 27, Problem 27.27QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the mass of stationaryphase relative to the packing masson the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the rate of sample injection on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the injection port temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases.For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the flow rate on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effect of reducing the particle sizeof the packing on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the column temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 27, Problem 27.27QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the mass of stationaryphase relative to the packing masson the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the rate of sample injection on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the injection port temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases.For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the flow rate on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effect of reducing the particle sizeof the packing on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the column temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

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Answer 5

Chapter 27, Problem 27.27QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the mass of stationaryphase relative to the packing masson the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the rate of sample injection on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the injection port temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases.For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the flow rate on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effect of reducing the particle sizeof the packing on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the column temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Answer 6

Chapter 27, Problem 27.27QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the mass of stationaryphase relative to the packing masson the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Answer 7

Chapter 27, Problem 27.27QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the mass of stationaryphase relative to the packing masson the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the rate of sample injection on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the rate of sample injection on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the injection port temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases.For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the injection port temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases.For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the flow rate on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The effect of increasing the flow rate on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

As the number of plates increases in a GC column, the resolution would also increase. For increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased for maintaining a high resolution. The van Deemter equation is used for defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate.

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effect of reducing the particle sizeof the packing on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The effect of reducing the particle sizeof the packing on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The resolution will increase as the number of plates increases in the GC column. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates must be decreased. For defining the effect of different parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Answer 16

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the column temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Answer 17

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The effect of decreasing the column temperature on the plate height needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In GC column resolution will increases as the number of plates increases. For maintaining a high resolution and increasing the number of plates, the height of the plates has to be decreased. For defining the dependencies of various parameters on the height of plate, van Deemter equation is used.

Answer 18

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Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.1QAP Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.2QAP Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.3QAP Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.4QAP Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.5QAP Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.6QAP Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.7QAP Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.8QAP Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.9QAP Ch. 27 - What are hyphenated GC methods? Briefly describe...

Chapter 27 Solutions