Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 26.2, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason for the eukaryotic fossil record becoming more extensive in the Cambrian period.
Introduction:
Fossils are the imprints or remains of the organisms from earlier geological periods that are preserved in sedimentary rocks. Records of the fossils are maintained by the paleontologists for future references. The fossil records are generally the history of life as documented by fossils. It provides the direct evidence of evolution and plays various other important roles including fossil’s age, abundance, etc.
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Just as all life shares a last universal common ancestor, all eukaryotes share a last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). In considering what LECA was like, scientists look for features and processes common to all or nearly all eukaryotic groups. They assume that these structures emerged before the groups diverged and thus were present in LECA. Make a list of the features and processes that you think might have been passed down from LECA to modern eukaryotes.
in 1967, Lynn Margulis developed the endosymbiotic theory. As seen in the diagram below, the
endosymbiotic theory describes how over thousands of years, free-living prokaryotes
formed living communities inside larger ancestral prokaryotic cells. Today, we identify those
early free-living prokaryotes as the mitochondria, chioroplasts, and possibly other organelles.
Endesymbietic Theery
How did the development of Margulis' theory aid in our understanding of how complex
organisms came into existence?
A. It provided an explanation as to why prokaryotic cells do not have a nucdeus.
B. It provides an explanation as to why bacteria and mitochondria are similar in size.
C. It provides an explanation of how life today could have originated from a single cell.
D. It provides an explanation of how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells use oxygen to work.
In the late 1960s (and since), Lynn Margulis (and others) provided considerable evidence for the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of various organelles in eukaryotic cells.What is the endosymbiotic theory? Which two eukaryotic organelles were proposed to have arisen as endosymbionts? What evidence did Margulis present to support each organelle as an endosymbiont?
Chapter 26 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
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- According to the endosymbiotic theory, which of the following is NOT true about the evolution of life on earth? Eukaryotes and prokaryotes appeared at about the same time and evolved independently from each other. O None of the other four answers (all are true statements) Eukaryotes evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotes Mitochondria and chloroplasts are in some ways similar to prokaryotes The first life on earth was simple organisms, similar to today's prokaryotesarrow_forwardEvolutionary microbiologists developed a theory about a common ancestor for all eukaryotic cells. Below is a model of the theorized changes during the origin of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are not capable of phagocytosis, or engulfing outside particles by creating a pocket in the cell membrane. Which of the following changes in early prokaryotes could be predicted to result in the emergence of eukaryotic organisms? A - the development of genetic transfer mechanisms in prokaryotes B - the evolution of predatory or parasitic relationships in prokaryotes C - the emergence of collections of cells functioning together in prokaryotes D = the expansion of internal structures to support larger individual cells in prokaryotesarrow_forwardFossil evidence indicates that prokaryotes have been around for about 3.5 billion years, whereas the origin of eukaryotes has been dated at only about 1.5 billion years ago. Suggest why, in spite of the lesser time for evolution, eukaryotes are much more diverse (have a much larger number of species) than prokaryotes.arrow_forward
- This chapter shows a phylogenetic tree for the three domains of life, which is based on DNA sequence data for rRNA and other genes. Which of the following answers concerning the phylogenetic relationships found within this tree is incorrect? View Available Hint(s)for Part A Euryarcheotes are found in the Archaea Diatoms, Tubulinids, and Euglenozoans belong to the domain Eukarya Forams, Fungi, and Chlamydias belong to the domain Eukarya. Spirochetes belong to the domain Bacteria Ciliates, Red Algae, and Plants belong to the domain Eukarya.arrow_forwardThe first appearance of free oxygen in the atmospherelikely triggered a massive wave of extinctions among theprokaryotes of the time. Why?arrow_forwardThe TATA-binding protein (TBP) is thought to be necessary for transcription in all eukaryotic cell nuclei. Studies show that archaea, but not bacteria,have a protein structurally and functionally similar to TBP. What does this similarity suggest regarding the evolution of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes? How might knowledge of this similarity affect how systematists classify these organisms?arrow_forward
- In lecture, we discussed the endosymbiont theory that describes the evolutionary origins of mitochondria and chloroplast. A few scientists think that peroxisomes also have an endosymbiotic evolutionary origin, although most scientists disagree with this hypothesis. Which of the following hypothetical discoveries would provide support for the hypothesis that peroxisomes evolved from bacteria? Discovering that eukaryotic cells cannot live without peroxisomes. All of these hypothetical discoveries would provide support for the hypothesis that peroxisomes have an endosymbiotic evolutionary origin. Identifying the presence of DNA within peroxisomes. Determining that the majority of proteins in peroxisomes have eukaryotic origin.arrow_forwardWhat evidence supports the hypothesis that mitochondria preceded plastids in the evolution of Eukaryotes cells?arrow_forwardWhich of the following pieces of evidence could support the endosymbiotic theory if found to be true? Traces of peptidoglycan in the cytoplasm in eukaryotes Presence of rRNA in eukaryotes Presence of 80S ribosomes in eukaryotes The discovery of a unicellular eukaryotearrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about eukaryotes is correct? - Eukaryotes are life forms that possess a nucleus in the cells. - Some cellular features, such as endoplasmic reticulum, is uniquely eukaryotic and is not shared with either bacteria or archaea. - It has been hypothesized that the first eukaryotic cell is a chimera between a bacterium and an archaeon. - During phylogenetic reconstruction, it is often found that eukaryotic genes that are responsible for information processing are more closely related to corresponding archaeal genes than to bacterial genes. - All of the abovearrow_forwardThe universal phylogenetic tree of life shows the divergence of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Studies of Lokiarchaeota help to elucidate these relationships, but the first universal tree of life was constructed by Carl Woese using ribosomal RNA sequences. There are advantages to using different types of nucleic acid for different types of analyses. What is a specific advantage of using small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis compared with DNA sequences? ▸ View Available Hint(s) SSU rRNA sequences accumulate mutations more rapidly than protein-encoding DNA. SSU rRNA is frequently transferred through horizontal gene transfer, whereas DNA sequences are not. Primers are required in DNA sequence analysis, but not for SSU rRNA sequence analysis. Although PCR products can be visualized with SSU rRNA, this is not the case with other forms of nucleic acids. DNA sequences are too highly conserved to work well for sequence analysis; individual species are…arrow_forwardGiven the following approximation of our current best understanding of the tree of life, which domains are most closely related? Bacteroides Chlamydia Green sulfur bacteria Spirochetes Deinococcus Bacteria Chloroplast ancestor Cyanobacteria Gram-positive bacteria Bacteria and Archaea Thermotoga Archaea and Eukarya Mitochondrial ancestor a Bacteria and Eukarya Proteobacteria 8 Thermodiscus В Y E. coli E Crenarchaeota Korarchaeota Aquifex All three domains of life are equally closely related Archaea Euryarchaeota Methanospirillum Methanococcus Haloferax Thermococcus Giardia Eukarya Trichomonas Trypanosoma Physarum Encephalitozoon Animals Fungi Plants Paramecium Dictyostelium Entamoebaarrow_forward
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Endosymbiotic Theory; Author: Amoeba Sisters;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGnS-Xk0ZqU;License: Standard Youtube License