Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 26.1, Problem 4R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason behind the close relationship of mitochondrial rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene of corn to rRNA gene of Escherichia coli instead of the nuclear rRNA gene of the cyanobacteria. Also, explain the relationship between the rRNA gene from corn’s chloroplast and rRNA gene of cyanobacterium.
Introduction:
When one organism lives within the body or cells of another organism, then this type of co-existence of two living matter is called endosymbiosis. In endosymbiosis, both the organisms are benefitted with each other.
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- The gene encoding the beta subunit of RNA polymerase fromEscherichia coli is said to be orthologous to the rpoB gene ofBacillus subtilis. What does that mean about the relationshipbetween the two genes? What protein do you suppose therpoB gene of B. subtilis encodes? The genes for the differentsigma factors of E. coli are paralogous. What does that sayabout the relationship among these genes?arrow_forwardIn the presence of cephalosphorin, what will be the protein product of the prokaryotic cell gene shown below? 5'-CATGTCAGTAAGGCATCT-3' (Assume this is a segment of a larger structural gene that will be translated into protein in its entirety.)arrow_forwardGenes participating in informational processessuch as replication, transcription, and translation aretransferred between species much less often than aregenes involved in metabolism. The basis for this inequalityis unclear at present, but one suggestion is that it relatesto the underlying complexity of the two types of processes.Informational processes tend to involve large aggregatesof different gene products, whereas metabolic reactionsare usually catalyzed by enzymes composed of a singleprotein. Why would the complexity of the underlying pro-cess—informational or metabolic—have any effect on therate of horizontal gene transfer?arrow_forward
- A eukaryotic ribosome contains four diff erent rRNA molecules and ∼82 diff erent proteins. Why does a cell contain many more copies of the rRNA genes than the ribosomal protein genes?arrow_forwardIf you could microinject cytochrome c into the cytosol of wild-type mammalian cell and another set that were mutated to be deficient in Bax and Bakl, what would you expect to happen to the wild-type (normal) cells? What about the mutated cells?arrow_forwardTransposable elements, “jumping genes”, were first described by Barbara McClintock in her Nobel prize winning studies with corn. The genome of every multicellular eukaryote that has been sequenced is composed of a large percentage of transposable elements (often 30% to 50%), but they are nearly absent from the genomes of eubacteria and archaea. What are these things and what do they do? Describe and draw the structural organization and mechanism for movement of transposons and retro- transposable elements. What effect do these elements have on the stability of genomes? can you help me answer the bolded question?arrow_forward
- Bacterial endospores form when the environment is no longer conducive to active cell metabolism. The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis, for example, begins the process of sporulation when one or more nutrients aredepleted. The end product is a small, metabolically dormant structure that can survive almost indefinitely with no detectable metabolism. Spores have mechanisms to prevent accumulation of potentially lethal mutations in their DNA over periods of dormancy that can exceed 1,000 years. B. subtilis spores are much more resistant than are the organism’s growing cells to heat, UV radiation, and oxidizing agents, all of which promote mutations.(a) One factor that prevents potential DNA damage in spores is their greatly decreased water content. How would this affect some types of mutations?(b) Endospores have a category of proteins called small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) that bind to their DNA, preventing formation of cyclobutane-type dimers. What causes cyclobutane dimers, and why…arrow_forwardDescribe two main reasons why the proteomes of eukaryotes are usuallymuch larger than their genomes.arrow_forwardSome living organisms are under considerable pressure tostreamline their genomes for the sake of more efficientoperation. As a result, the mitochondria of eukaryotic species have lost, to one degree or another, the overwhelmingmajority of their genes. During this process, several hundred mitochondrial genes were transferred to the nucleargenome. Yet mitochondria still retain a genome with thecapacity to produce several electron transport proteins.Review mitochondrial electron transport and suggest areason why these energy-generating organelles retained thegenes to produce this set of molecules.arrow_forward
- Reverse translation is a term given to the process ofdeducing the DNA sequence that could encode a particular protein. If you had the amino acid sequenceTrp His Ile Met:a. What human nuclear DNA sequence could haveencoded these amino acids? (Include all possiblevariations.)b. What human mitochondrial DNA sequence couldhave encoded these amino acids? (Include allpossible variations.)arrow_forwardWhat function do the prokaryotic rRNAs provide to the ribosome? Question 38 options: A) catalyze the formation of peptide bonds B) base-pair with the Shine-Dalgarno sequence during initiation C) base-pair with the mRNA codons D) base-pair with the tRNAs E) both A and B are correctarrow_forwardAn investigator was interested in studying UAG nonsense suppressor mutations in bacteria. In one speciesof bacteria, she was able to select two different mutants of this type, one in a tRNATyr gene and the otherin a tRNAGln gene, but in a second species, she wasnot able to obtain any such nonsense suppressor mutations, even after very extensive effort. What couldexplain the difference between the two species?arrow_forward
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Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY