Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 26.1, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The way, in which increased atmospheric oxygen influenced the evolution of the eukaryotic cell.
Introduction:
Production of free oxygen by cyanobacteria (as a product of photosynthesis) led to an increase in the oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere. This led to disastrous consequences for many anaerobes, which were intolerant to the oxidizing environment but, some organisms evolved to cope up with the reactive oxygen species.
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Evolutionary microbiologists developed a theory about a common ancestor for all eukaryotic cells. Below is a model of the theorized changes during the origin of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are not capable of phagocytosis, or engulfing outside particles by creating a pocket in the cell membrane.
Which of the following changes in early prokaryotes could be predicted to result in the emergence of eukaryotic organisms?
A - the development of genetic transfer mechanisms in prokaryotes
B - the evolution of predatory or parasitic relationships in prokaryotes
C - the emergence of collections of cells functioning together in prokaryotes
D = the expansion of internal structures to support larger individual cells in prokaryotes
Serial endosymbiosis is the most supported theory on how the first eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. The figure depicts the evolution of eukaryotic cells which include links to prokaryotic cells from early in the history of life.
Identify the cellular structures involved in the connection of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Describe the characteristics of the cellular structures that supports the evolutionary connection.
State a claim on how eukaryotic cells evolved. Using evolutionary evidence justify your claim. The cells modeled above are a result are descendants of an original cell.
Explain why the answer is correct.
For one celled eukaryote organisms to evolve into new and more complicated types of multicellular eukaryotic organisms, which of the following would one expect to occur?
-Cells must be accumulating new genetic mutations and more DNA.
Chapter 26 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
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- The universal phylogenetic tree of life shows the divergence of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Studies of Lokiarchaeota help to elucidate these relationships, but the first universal tree of life was constructed by Carl Woese using ribosomal RNA sequences. There are advantages to using different types of nucleic acid for different types of analyses. What is a specific advantage of using small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis compared with DNA sequences? ▸ View Available Hint(s) SSU rRNA sequences accumulate mutations more rapidly than protein-encoding DNA. SSU rRNA is frequently transferred through horizontal gene transfer, whereas DNA sequences are not. Primers are required in DNA sequence analysis, but not for SSU rRNA sequence analysis. Although PCR products can be visualized with SSU rRNA, this is not the case with other forms of nucleic acids. DNA sequences are too highly conserved to work well for sequence analysis; individual species are…arrow_forwardIn the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, these cells have evolved key changes that include which of the following: a) These cells reproduce by copying their DNA perfectly each generation b) They have their DNA in the nucleoid area c) They have adapted the mesosome membrane system of the prokaryote to form a nucleus and an endoplasmic reticulum d) each new type of new eukaryote cell has its mRNA unchanged from its original mRNA e) none of these are truearrow_forwardBased on genes from mitochordrial DNA the most accepted tree of life includes three domains. Eukaryotes and archaea are most closely related to each other than either are to bacteria. MRNA rRNA TRNA 0000arrow_forward
- The endosymbiotic theory argues that prokaryotes become some of the organelles of early eukaryotic cells. All of the following support this hypothesis Except: A. The mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and are nearly idential to some free-living prokaryotes b. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are nearly idential to some free-living prokaryotes. c. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA d. The vacuoles can come and go across the plasma membranearrow_forward5. Make a molecular evidence cladogram. Cytochrome c is a protein located in the mitochondria of cells involved with cellular respiration. Compare each organism's Cytochrome CDNA sequences with the ancestor cell and each other. Highlights are the differences (mutations) present in the cytochrome CDNA sequences from ancestor cell. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 7 38 39 ANCESTOR CELL A Т ТА G CGA C СAGTA ТАТ С сТА СА А Т С С G T C T АСТТCАT TO АМОЕВА ATTA GC GA CCAGT ITAT C CTA CA AT C C C G TCTA CT T CAT 11 AT TATC G ACC AGT TT AT C CT ACATT ccc G ATACT Т 13 SPONGE EARTHWORM С ТТА Т С G A С| С С G TT TA Т С СТ А СА Т т CC C GT CTACT TC т| 15 CT TAT C c cc CC G TT TATC CTACTTTCC C GT C TACT TCG T 18 SHARK CT A ATCCCCCCGT TTAT C CTACTTT C cc GT CTACTTC GT 19 LIZARD CTA ATC c cc cc G TT TAT C CTACTTT CC CAT CTACTAAG T 18 KANGAROO CTA A T C C C CC c G T T IAT C CT ACTT I C C C AT GTAGT А GT 18 DOLPHIN TTA ATC c cccc GTT…arrow_forwardan actin gene in humans is 92 identical to the homologous actin gene in mice. An actin gene in human is 80% identical to the homologous gene in yeast. what does this say about how long ago those organism has a common ancestor?arrow_forward
- Based on the accompanying evolutionary tree, which prokaryotic domain gave rise to the domain Eukarya? Which kingdom in domain Eukarya gave rise to plants, animals, and fungi?arrow_forwardDescribe the features of mitochondria and chloroplasts that support the endosymbiotic theory.arrow_forwardAsian tiger mosquito Trace its origin and evolutionary history or changes in the species. Describe its structures and their functions. What is the importance of this species to our environment? Give trivia about this species. Does this organism produce oxygen? Explain. What are the ancestral species of your chosen organism? Has this species been genetically engineered? If yes, in what way? How does this species reproduce? What organisms have similar structures to this species? Do these structures have the same function? Does the species have tissues, organs, and/or organ systems? What is its role in the flow of energy? Give at 15 least a sentence to each question.arrow_forward
- make a drawing of a phylogenetic tree that contains all 3 domains of life. The tree should include at least three different animals, two plants, chemoheterotrophic bacteria, photoautotrophic bacteria, chemoheterotrophic archaea, thermophilic archaea and fungi. Identify both primary endosymbiosis events on the tree and draw a line to connect it to the organism that would become the future organelle.arrow_forwardOutline in general terms how small subunit rRNA has been used to define the three domains of lifearrow_forwardTransfer RNA (after becoming “charged” with an amino acid) contains which of the following covalent bonds that are absent in all other forms of RNA? the glycosidic bond the phosphodiester bond the hydrogen bond the aminoacyl bond the peptide bond The green sea slug carries the genes for synthesizing chlorophyll (apparently acquired from the chloroplasts of green algae), illustrating which type of genetic change leading to evolution? horizontal gene transfer gene deletion gene duplication mutation exon shufflingarrow_forward
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Discovering the tree of life | California Academy of Sciences; Author: California Academy of Sciences;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjvLQJ6PIiU;License: Standard Youtube License