Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134605197
Author: Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 23, Problem 5RQ
Define each of the following terms and explain its physiological significance:
- a. melanocortins
- b. osteoporosis
- c. hydroxyapatite
- d. mineralocorticoid
- e. trabecular bone
- f. POMC
- g. epiphyseal plates
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a) Describe age-associated changes in human bone and their consequences in terms of physiological function
b) Discuss how keeping physically active may help to maintain physiological function in human bone during the ageing process
Osteoporosis is a condition in which the activation of certain signal transduction pathways
causes calcium to be removed from bones, leaving them brittle and more likely to break
under moderate pressure.
Current research suggests that osteoporosis can be initiated under conditions of low cal-
cium intake in order to increase the availability of calcium for other biological roles in the
body.
Which of the following describes the conditions that would be most likely to initiate
osteoporosis?
A
B
с
D
insufficient amounts of calcium to allow the replication of DNA molecules during cell
division
insufficient amounts of calcium to maintain the membrane potential established by the
sodium-potassium pump
insufficient amounts of calcium ions to facilitate efficient transduction of neuronal
signals
insufficient amounts of calcium to be used in the fixation stage of the Krebs cycle in
photosynthesis
Which is not involved in the process of bone repair following a fracture:
A. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to connect broken pieces of bone
B. A fibrocartilaginous callus serves as a model for new bone growth
C. Osteoclasts remove excess bone from the hard callus
D. The fracture hematoma reorganizes to form a procallus
D. No exceptions; all of the choices are involved in the process of bone repair
Chapter 23 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 23.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 23.2 - What do the abbreviations HPA and CBG stand for?...Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 4CCCh. 23.2 - Prob. 5CCCh. 23.2 - Prob. 6CCCh. 23.2 - Would someone with Addisons disease have normal,...Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 8CCCh. 23.3 - A woman who had her thyroid gland removed because...Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 10CC
Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 11CCCh. 23.5 - Prob. 12CCCh. 23.5 - Prob. 13CCCh. 23.6 - Prob. 14CCCh. 23.6 - Prob. 15CCCh. 23.6 - Prob. 16CCCh. 23.6 - Prob. 17CCCh. 23 - Name the zones of the adrenal cortex and the...Ch. 23 - For (a) cortisol, (b) growth hormone, (c)...Ch. 23 - Prob. 3RQCh. 23 - Prob. 4RQCh. 23 - Define each of the following terms and explain its...Ch. 23 - Prob. 6RQCh. 23 - Prob. 7RQCh. 23 - Prob. 8RQCh. 23 - Define, compare, and contrast or relate the terms...Ch. 23 - Prob. 10RQCh. 23 - Prob. 11RQCh. 23 - Osteoclasts make acid (H+) from CO2 and H2O. They...Ch. 23 - Prob. 13RQCh. 23 - One diagnostic test to determine the cause of...Ch. 23 - Prob. 15RQCh. 23 - Prob. 16RQCh. 23 - Prob. 17RQCh. 23 - Prob. 18RQCh. 23 - Prob. 19RQ
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- Bone deposition (formation) occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed. During this time, there will e the most abundant levels of which bone cells? a) Osteoclasts b) Osteoblasts c) Chondrocytesarrow_forwardArrange the following in their proper chronological sequence. A. Cartilage remains in 2 areas, articular and epiphyseal plates. B. Chondrocytes at the core enlarge and degenerate, leaving behind confluent spaces. C. Osteoclast create perforations on subperiosteal bone collar followed by periosteal bud. D. Epiphyseal plates grow at epiphyseal end while diaphyseal end is replaced by bone. AB. Epiphyses filled with bone tissue. AC. Osteoclast resorb calcified cartilage wall to enlarge primitive marrow cavity. AD. Periosteum formation AE. Subperiosteal bone collar formation |BC. Vascularization of epiphyses BD. Vascularization of mid diaphysis of hyaline cartilage modelarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about bone tissue is/are TRUE? Group of answer choices a. Spiraling collagen fibers gives bone its tremendous resistance to torsional forces. b. Concentric rings of bone matrix, called lamellae, compose an osteon. c. Bone marrow occurs within the spongy bone and in a central medullary cavity. d. The epiphyseal plate of long bones close during fetal development. e. Calcium phosphate salts crystallize to form the inorganic part of bone. f. Osteoblasts are immature, bone-forming cells. g. Bones are classified by shape: long, short, irregular, or flat. h. The trabeculae of compact bone are arranged in parallel units along the long axis.arrow_forward
- 9) This cell is active once the matrix of bone calcifies. The cells sits in a lacunae. a) osteoprogenitor cells b) osteoclasts (c) osteocytes d) osteoblasts e) chondroblasts 10) What are the extracellular fluid filled extensions of the lacunae called? a) interosteonic (perforating) canals b) osteonic (Haversian) canals d) canaliculi e) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers c) concentric lamellae 11) Which two minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing? a) calcium and chlorine d) manganese and sulfur b) magnesium and sulfur c) calcium and phosphorous e) potassium and phosphorous 12) In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts? a) endoderm (b) mesenchyme e) ectoderm c) mucus connective tissue (d) osteoprogenitor cellsarrow_forwardIn the histological study of diaphysis of the tubular bone: there are basophilic cells with synthesized synthesis organelles on the it surface under the fiber layer. These cells are involved in the regeneration of bone tissue. In what layer of diaphyseal are they located? * Periosteum O Layer of internal lamellas O Layer of external lamellas Bone matrix Osteogenic layerarrow_forwardComplete the following analogies. Collagen is to bone flexibility as [ Select ] ["hydroxyapetite", "calcitonin", "parathyroid hormone", "calcitriol", "cholecalciferol"] is to bone stiffness Osteoblasts is to osteogenesis as [ Select ] ["osteocytes", "osteoprogenitor cells", "osteoclasts", "osteosarcome", "chondrocytes", "fibroblasts"] is to osteolysisarrow_forward
- Which of the following choices is CORRECT? A. trabeculae is the basic functional unit of compact bone B. Ca(PO.): (hydroxyapatite) is the inorganic minerals contained in bone extracellular matrix C. Testosterone is hormone that is used in hormone therapy to reduce osteoporosis in males D. Rickets is a condition that may cause bow legs in a child E. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) functions to decrease the level of calcium in the blood F. All of the above G. A, B, and E H. Both C and Darrow_forwardWhich of the following choices is CORRECT? A. trabeculae is the basic functional unit of compact bone B. Ca;(PO4); (hydroxyapatite) is the inorganic minerals contained in bone extracellular matrix C. Testosterone is hormone that is used in hormone therapy to reduce osteoporosis in males D. Rickets is a condition that may cause bow legs in a child E. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) functions to decrease the level of calcium in the blood F. All of the above G. A, B, and E H. Both C and Darrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about Paget’s disease is incorrect? a. its cause is unknown and possibly viral b. it can be treated by calcitonin and bisphosphonates c. it is characterized by excessive and haphazard bone formation and breakdown d. it is characterized by Pagetic bone having a high ratio of compact to spongy bone e. None of the abovearrow_forward
- Bone tissue can be described as a. dead calcified tissue b. cartilage c. the skeletal system d. dense, hard connective Issuearrow_forwardWhich of the following would be likely to prevent or slow the bone loss of osteoporosis? a. stimulate the activity of fibroblasts b. stimulate the activity of osteoblasts c. inhibit the activity of osteoclasts d. both (b) and (c)arrow_forwardWhich is/are NOT a characteristic feature(s) of the cartilage degeneration mechanisms with osteoarthritis? A. Loss of cartilage compressibility B. Horizontal cracks parallel to articular surface cause large pieces of cartilage to break off C. Cartilage wear is abrupt, quickly progressing from normal to completely worn D. Cartilage pitting leads to chondrocyte necrosis and autolysis E. Deeper chondrocytes proliferate and cluster in large lacunae in response to increasing loads B and C F. G. H. C and D None of the abovearrow_forward
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