Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134605197
Author: Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 22, Problem 29RQ
Summary Introduction
To determine: The inference obtained from the experiments conducted on signal molecules.
Introduction: A signal transduction pathway includes a group of proteins and polysaccharides that carry the signals. The signals carried, leading to conformational changes that trigger a cascade of reactions leading to a cellular response.
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Chapter 22 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Ch. 22.1 - Explain the roles of the satiety and feeding...Ch. 22.1 - Name the four layers of the GI tract wall,...Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 22.2 - Prob. 4CCCh. 22.2 - Prob. 5CCCh. 22.2 - Prob. 6CCCh. 22.4 - Prob. 7CCCh. 22.4 - Prob. 8CCCh. 22.4 - Use your understanding of digestive physiology to...Ch. 22.5 - Prob. 10CC
Ch. 22.5 - Prob. 11CCCh. 22.5 - Prob. 12CCCh. 22.6 - What are the primary target tissues for insulin?Ch. 22.6 - Why are glucose metabolism and glucose transport...Ch. 22.6 - What is the advantage to the body of inhibiting...Ch. 22.6 - Prob. 16CCCh. 22.6 - Prob. 17CCCh. 22.6 - Prob. 18CCCh. 22.6 - Prob. 19CCCh. 22.6 - Prob. 20CCCh. 22.7 - Prob. 21CCCh. 22.7 - Prob. 22CCCh. 22.7 - Prob. 23CCCh. 22.7 - Prob. 24CCCh. 22 - Define metabolic, anabolic, and catabolic...Ch. 22 - Prob. 2RQCh. 22 - Prob. 3RQCh. 22 - Prob. 4RQCh. 22 - Define basal metabolic rate (BMR). Under what...Ch. 22 - Prob. 6RQCh. 22 - Prob. 7RQCh. 22 - What is a nutrient pool? What are the three...Ch. 22 - Prob. 9RQCh. 22 - Prob. 10RQCh. 22 - Prob. 11RQCh. 22 - Name the two hormones that regulate glucose...Ch. 22 - Which noncarbohydrate molecules can be made into...Ch. 22 - Under what circumstances are ketone bodies formed?...Ch. 22 - Name two stimuli that increase insulin secretion,...Ch. 22 - Prob. 16RQCh. 22 - What factors release glucagon? What organ is the...Ch. 22 - Prob. 18RQCh. 22 - Prob. 19RQCh. 22 - Prob. 20RQCh. 22 - Prob. 21RQCh. 22 - Prob. 22RQCh. 22 - Prob. 23RQCh. 22 - Prob. 24RQCh. 22 - Explain the current theory of the control of food...Ch. 22 - Prob. 26RQCh. 22 - Scott is a bodybuilder who consumes large amounts...Ch. 22 - Prob. 28RQCh. 22 - Prob. 29RQCh. 22 - One of the debates in fluid therapy for diabetic...Ch. 22 - Prob. 31RQCh. 22 - Prob. 32RQ
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- Name a drug for treatment for overactive bladder syndrome which does not target the muscarinic M3 receptors directly, but rather targets one of the second messenger signalling molecules within the smooth muscle cells as a result of muscarinic M3 receptor activation. Which second messenger molecule would you choose to target? Justify your choice and explain how targeting this second messenger pathway would result in the reduction of bladder smooth muscle contraction.arrow_forwardWhat is the direct effect (prior to any reflex compensation) of administeringintravenously a selective beta 1 receptor agonist?A)Increased heart rate, stroke volume and total peripheral resistance.B)Increased total peripheral resistance and renin secretion.C)Increased heart rate and stroke volume.D) Increased total peripheral resistance and decreased renin secretion.E) Decreased renin secretion, total peripheral resistance and heart rate.arrow_forwardA GRK inhibitor would have what effect on GPCR inactivation in the presence of a GPCR agonist? (a) it would decrease it; (b) it would maintain the same rate of inactivation; (c) it would increase it.arrow_forward
- Conotoxin is produced by marine cone snails. Among its effects is to block voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in n eurons. A. What anatomical part of a neuron would be affected by conotoxin? B. How would the neuron's action potential be affected by conotoxin? Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosis C. If conotoxin affected a somatic motor neuron, would this toxin cause muscle weakness or increased muscle tension? Explain why.arrow_forwardWhen the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) binds the acetylcholine receptor (a GPCR) on muscle cells, it causes them to contract. ZIGGY, a chemical analog of ACh, also binds to the same acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells, but instead causes the muscle cells to relax. For this reason, it is sometimes prescribed as a muscle relaxer. Explain in 3-4 sentences how ZIGGY could cause muscle relaxation. How can both ZIGGY and ACh bind the same GPCR? And then how can they have different effects on the cells, despite binding to the same receptor on the same cells?arrow_forwardIn the rare neuromuscular disorder Myasthenia Gravis, autoantibodies are produced which inhibit acetylcholine receptor (nicotinic receptor) activity. Explain how inhibition of acetylcholine receptor activity at the neuromuscular junction will affect the sequence of events in muscular excitation and contraction in response to stimuli, and muscle function? (Mention the effects on all the significant events involved in excitation and contraction of muscles, and how it would affect muscle function).arrow_forward
- What do you think is the muscarinic receptor subtype that has a greater role in generating contractions in human detrusor smooth muscle (M2 or M3)?arrow_forwardList the effects of sympathoadrenal stimulation on different effector organs. In each case, indicate whether the effect is due to alpha- or beta-receptor stimulation.arrow_forwardrelease of --------- onto skeletal muscle blood vessles result in ...... 1. Acetylcholine, vasoconstriction 2.norepinephrine,vasoconstriction 3.Acetylcholine, vasolidation 4,norepinephrine, vasolifation 1.can you tell me why do we choose sympathetic instead of para symapthetic. make it short and clear. 2.If we say sympathetic why do we choose pregangolic with ACH ? how can I know? 3. explain how is alpha beta thing relate. How do you choose vasoconstriction vs vasolidation? please teach me a trick. make it short and claer please. I get so confusedarrow_forward
- Design a novel drug for treatment for overactive bladder syndrome which does not target the muscarinic M3 receptors directly, but rather targets one of the second messenger signalling molecules within the smooth muscle cells as a result of muscarinic M3 receptor activation. Which second messenger molecule would you choose to target? Justify your choice and explain how targeting this second messenger pathway would result in the reduction of bladder smooth muscle contraction.arrow_forwardThe fight-or-flight reaction prepares an animal to Pesponu Lu a threatening situation, by either fighting or running away. One aspect of this response is changes in blood flow such that the skeletal muscles and heart receive higher blood flow (vessels dilate) while digestive organs receive less (vessels constrict). A) Which signal molecule(s) is/are involved in this response, and how do they produce these changes in blood vessels? Briefly explain how this example illustrates how different cells are able to use the same ligands in different ways.arrow_forwardThe Baroreceptor reflex illustrates very well the principles and elements of a negative feedback loop.1) What is the typical circumstance in which the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated? What is the stimulus for the reflex and the response?2a) Using the terms for a homeostatic negative feedback loop or a reflex, describe both the function AND anatomical elements serving that function for each of the following as it applies to the baroreceptor reflex known as: an effector. 2b) applied to the baroreceptor reflex known as: the integration center?arrow_forward
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