(a)
To define: The terms glucose, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, glucagon, and glycolysis and the relation between them.
Introduction:
Anabolic pathway is associated with the synthesis of large molecules and catabolic pathway is associated with the breakdown of large molecules.
(b)
To determine: The terms shivering thermogenesis, non-shivering thermogenesis, and diet-induced thermogenesis and the relation between them.
Introduction: Homeostasis is the mechanism of the body by which it maintains a constant temperature throughout the body.
(c)
To determine: The terms lipoproteins, chylomicrons, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and apoproteins and the relation between them.
Introduction: Proteins are the large, complex
(d)
To determine: The terms direct and indirect calorimetry and the relation between them.
Introduction: Metabolic rate defines the rate of metabolism. It the amount of energy used by a living organism per unit of time.
(e)
To determine: The terms conductive heat loss, radiant heat loss, convective heat loss, and evaporative heat loss and the relation between them.
Introduction: Heat loss from the body takes place by radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.
(f)
To determine: The terms absorptive and postabsorptive states and the relation between them.
Introduction: Metabolism is defined as the all chemical reactions that takes place in the body. The metabolic pathway that synthesizes large molecules from smaller ones is known as an anabolic pathway. The pathway that breaks a large molecule into smaller one is called catabolic pathway.
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Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
- Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. If false, correct the statement or provide a brief explanation for why it is a) The presence of lipids in the diet slows down digestion in the b) Insulin increases the rate of glucose uptake by the c) Glucagon is the hormone that signals low blood glucose d) Chylomicrons carry TAGs from the diet into the e) During fasting and starvation the liver produces ketone bodies which fuel the heart and f) The muscles can use glucose, fatty acids and ketone bodies for g) When glucose enters the cell it is immediately and reversibly h) Epinephrine stimulates breakdown of glycogen in muscles when there is an immediate need for energy by muscle i) Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis to maintain the blood glucose j) With high [carbohydrate] levels, excess glucose (after glycogen storage has reached a maximum) is converted to fat, leading to high [malonyl-CoA]. k) Malonyl-CoA inhibits carnitine acyltransferase II , thus slowing…arrow_forwardWhich of the following is a correctly-paired opposite? 1) gluconeogensis and glycolysis 2) lipolysis and glycogenesis 3) glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis 4) gluconeogenesis and glycogenesisarrow_forwardWhich of the following is a correctly-paired opposite? 1) glycogenolysis and production of glucose 2) glycolysis and production of glucose 3) glycogenolysis and glycogen breakdown 4) gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdownarrow_forward
- Choose the correct answer: 1- Regarding to glycogen metabolism, which of the following statements about is correct : A) A key step in the synthesis of glycogen is the formation of UDP-glucose.B) Glycogen is stored mainly in the liver and brain.C) Glucagon increases the synthesis of glycogen.D) In muscle in the fasting state, glycogen is broken down to glucose 6-phosphate, thenfree glucose.E) Insulin inhibits the synthesis of glycogen. 2- Glycogenesis is initiated by: A) UDP-glucose.B) glycogenin.C) glucose-6-phosphate.D) glucose.arrow_forwardThe first step in glycogenolysis (or the catabolism of glycogen) is the formation of: O A) fructose-1-phosphate. ○ B) fructose-6-phosphate. O C) glucose-1-phosphate. ◇ D) glucose-6-phosphate.arrow_forwardDefine glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipogenesis. Which is (are) likely to be occurring (a) shortly after a carbohydrate-rich meal, (b) just before waking up in the morning?arrow_forward
- 21. The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the following would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources and the person is yet not getting any external source of food? A) fat in adipose tissue B) glucose in the blood C) protein in muscle cells D) glycogen in muscle cells E) calcium phosphate in bone 22. Using anatomical terminology, identify the correct order of words that make this a true statement: kidney extends slightly more than the D) left; inferiorly; right E) right; anteriorly; left The kidney. A) right; superiorly; left B) right; inferiorly; left C) left; superiorly; right 23. Most reabsorption of substances from the glomerular filtrate occurs in the: A) glomerulus B) collecting tubule C) proximal convoluted tubule D) ureter E) distal convoluted tubule 24. In which parts of the GIT does digestion happen? A) Mouth B) Esophagus G) Stemach D) Intestine E) A, C, D are correct F) A & B onlyarrow_forwardDuring starvation, the glycerol backbone of triacylglycerols can be used to make glucose. What metabolite of glycerol enters gluconeogenesis? OA) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate. O B) Pyruvate. OC) Oxaloacetate. OD) 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate.arrow_forwardArrange the following pathways in order of their occurrence as source of energy for the body during fasting and starvation: lipid catabolism, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, glycogenolysisarrow_forward
- Why is glycogen the preferred fuel reserve of the body? Describe glygonesis and glycogenolysis.arrow_forwardThe dietary technique designed to increase the glycogen content in both the liver and muscles in an attempt to delay the oneset of fatigue is referred to as all of the following excpet a) glycogen loading B) glycogen supercompensation C) gluose loading D) carbohydrate loadingarrow_forward21. The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the following would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources and the person is yet not getting any external source of food? A) fat in adipose tissue B) glucose in the blood C) protein in muscle cells D) glycogen in muscle cells E) calcium phosphate in bonearrow_forward