Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134813448
Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.
Publisher: Pearson,
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Chapter 20.2, Problem 3TC
As part of a study on the relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and the microbiome, researchers analyzed samples from the digestive tracts or 20 sets of identical twins in which one twin had the disease and the other did not. The researchers were able to determine the microbial diversity in each sample. Do you expect that samples from the healthy group will differ from samples from the ill group? If so, in what way? Why? Why did the researchers use twins in this study?
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Which of the following is NOT true about Koch's postulates?
First developed by Robert Koch, the pioneering German microbiologist
In the first step, the microbe that causes a naturally occurring disease is cultured from a "wild"
(non-laboratory) animal which has that disease
None of the other four answers (All are true about Koch's Postulates)
They represent a process for showing a causal association between a specific microbe and a
disease
If the same microbe from a diseased "wild" (non-laboratory) host causes the same disease in a
lab animal and it can be cultured from that lab animal, this proves that the microbe is the cause
of the naturally occurring disease
Targeted metagenomics is helping researchers better understand the complex connectios between diet, the microbiome, and health. The follow data show the relative abundance of microbes in the gut of patients with and without celiac dieases. which of the following is NOT a correct interpretation of this chart?
- Bacteroidetes are a bigger fraction of the microbiome in patients without celiac dieases that in patients with it.
- The gut microbiome of patients with celiac dieases is more diverse.
- Firmicutes make up the biggest fraction of the microbiome in patients both with and without celiac dieases.
- Unclassified microbes are a larger portion of the microbiome of patients with celeiac dieases.
Identifying an unknown bacterium is an essential step in the diagnosis and treatment process. Since not every antibiotic is effective against every type of bacteria, knowing what caused a particular infection allows us to make correct prescriptions so patients can recover more quickly. Knowing the cause of an infection also prevents antibiotic resistance as well, since incorrect prescriptions allow bacteria to be unnecessarily be exposed to antibiotics, increasing the chances of developing resistance.
Chapter 20 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 20.1 - describe some differences between bacteria and...Ch. 20.1 - describe the typical sizes and shapes of...Ch. 20.2 - What might explain the observation that most...Ch. 20.2 - Unwelcome Dinner Guests A few of the bacteria that...Ch. 20.2 - Some of the enzymes that have important uses in...Ch. 20.2 - Unpleasant breath odors are caused mainly by...Ch. 20.2 - As part of a study on the relationship between...Ch. 20.2 - What is the main advantage of prokaryotic fission,...Ch. 20.2 - describe the range of environments inhabited by...Ch. 20.2 - describe adaptations that help protect prokaryotes...
Ch. 20.2 - explain how prokaryotes reproduce and exchange...Ch. 20.3 - If all of Earths nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes were...Ch. 20.3 - Unwelcome Dinner Guests Many of the bacteria...Ch. 20.3 - explain how prokaryotes affect animal and plant...Ch. 20.3 - explain prokaryotes role in nutrient recycling?Ch. 20.3 - describe how prokaryotes help clean up pollution?Ch. 20.3 - describe some of the pathogenic bacteria that...Ch. 20.4 - Why are viruses unable to replicate outside of a...Ch. 20.4 - Biotechnologists often use viruses to transfer...Ch. 20.4 - describe the structure and characteristics of...Ch. 20.4 - describe the effects they can have on host...Ch. 20.4 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 20.4 - Unwelcome Dinner Guests How do harmful bacteria...Ch. 20 - The name of the process by which DNA is...Ch. 20 - A community of prokaryotes surrounded by slime and...Ch. 20 - Which of the following statements about archaea is...Ch. 20 - Viruses a. are usually photosynthetic. b. consist...Ch. 20 - Applying fertilizer near an oil spill to Increase...Ch. 20 - ____________, have peptidoglycan in...Ch. 20 - Prokaryotic cells are ____________,...Ch. 20 - Many prokaryotes use ____________ to move about....Ch. 20 - ____________,bacteria inhabit environments that...Ch. 20 - Prokaryotes reproduce by ____________ and may...Ch. 20 - The plant nutrient ammonium is produced by...Ch. 20 - Cholera, gonorrhea, and pneumonia are some of the...Ch. 20 - A virus consists of a molecule of __________ or...Ch. 20 - Describe some of the ways in which prokaryotes...Ch. 20 - What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and what role...Ch. 20 - Describe some of the extreme environments in which...Ch. 20 - What is an endospore? What is its function?Ch. 20 - What is conjugation? What role do plasmids play in...Ch. 20 - Why are prokaryotes especially useful in...Ch. 20 - Describe the structure of a typical virus. How do...Ch. 20 - Describe some examples of how prokaryotes are...Ch. 20 - How do archaea and bacteria differ? How do...Ch. 20 - Prob. 1ACCh. 20 - Before the discovery of prions, many (perhaps...
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- Assume you work at the local hospital in your home town. Suddenly you notice that 10% of your patients are having serious staphylococcal infections. None of these patients were admitted for having a staphylococcal infection, and we assume that all standard infectious control procedures are being followed (hand washing, use of gloves and masks, etc.). Remember that a small percentage of bacteria do evade even the most scrupulous of infectious disease control procedures. How could you use what you have learned in this week’s lab to solve the problem? How could you find out where the infection originated? What steps would you need to take? How could you determine definitively what organism is causing these patients’ infections? How could you determine how to treat these patients? Once you determine the source of the infection, what ethical issues, if any, are involved here? What should you do to protect the privacy and welfare of the patients as well as avoiding conduct that…arrow_forwardAssume you work at the local hospital in your home town. Suddenly you notice that 10% of your patients are having serious staphylococcal infections. None of these patients were admitted for having a staphylococcal infection, and we assume that all standard infectious control procedures are being followed (hand washing, use of gloves and masks, etc.). Remember that a small percentage of bacteria do evade even the most scrupulous of infectious disease control procedures. How could you use what you have learned in this week’s laboratory to solve the problem? How could you find out where the infection originated? What steps would you need to take? How could you determine definitively what organism is causing these patients’ infections? How could you determine how to treat these patients? Once you determine the source of the infection, what ethical issues, if any, are involved here? What should you do to protect the privacy and welfare of the patients as well as avoiding conduct…arrow_forwardIn 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming was studying Staphylococcus bacteria growing in culture dishes. He noticed that a mold called Penicillium was also growing in some of the dishes. A clear area existed around the mold because all the bacteria that had grown in this area had died. In the culture dishes without the mold, no clear areas were present. Fleming hypothesized that the mold must be producing a chemical that killed the bacteria. He decided to isolate this substance and test it to see if it would kill bacteria. Fleming transferred the mold to a nutrient broth solution. This solution contained all the materials the mold needed to grow. After the mold grew, he removed it from the nutrient broth. Fleming then added the nutrient broth in which the mold had grown to a culture of bacteria. He observed that the bacteria died which was later used to develop antibiotics used to treat a variety of diseases. (Biology Corner) 1. What was the initial observation Fleming made? 2. What was…arrow_forward
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