Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134813448
Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.
Publisher: Pearson,
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Chapter 20, Problem 2AC
Before the discovery of prions, many (perhaps most) biologists would have agreed with the statement “It is a fact that no infections organism or particle can exist that lacks
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Choose the false statement: (Regarding Pasteur’s famous experiment) The swan necked flasks were important because they allowed the broth to remain sterile, while still remaining open to the atmosphere. Pasteur’s work with the swan neck flasks was only of importance to the food industry; his work occurred long before anyone, including Pasteur, had any awareness that diseases could be caused by microscopic agents. The swan necked flasks were used to prove that life could only arise from pre-existing cells.
It was not until 1928 that penicillin, the first true antibiotic, was discovered by Alexander Fleming,
Professor of Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in London. Penicillin heralded the dawn of the
antibiotic age. Before its introduction there was no effective treatment for infections such as
pneumonia, gonorrhea or rheumatic fever. Hospitals were full of people with blood poisoning
contracted from a cut or a scratch, and doctors could do little for them but wait and hope.
1. What is the mechanism of action of penicillin?
2. Cells treated with penicillin do not die immediately, so how this antibiotic is effective?
3. Why penicillin is most effective against Gram-positive bacteria?
4. Explain penicillin resistance mechanisms among bacteria today and the causes why they gained
this resistance and making this great life-saving drug not usable anymore.
A bacterium has the following characteristics: I. It adheres to the human intestinal lining using a feature that protects it from phagocytes , bacteriophages, and dehydration. II. It can survive being boiled. III. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Which of the following characteristics allows this bacteria to survive in a human who is taking penicillin pills?
A. gram-negative cell wall
B. peptidoglycan in the cell wall
C. lipopolysaccharides in the cytoplasm
D. long polypeptides in the cell wall
Chapter 20 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 20.1 - describe some differences between bacteria and...Ch. 20.1 - describe the typical sizes and shapes of...Ch. 20.2 - What might explain the observation that most...Ch. 20.2 - Unwelcome Dinner Guests A few of the bacteria that...Ch. 20.2 - Some of the enzymes that have important uses in...Ch. 20.2 - Unpleasant breath odors are caused mainly by...Ch. 20.2 - As part of a study on the relationship between...Ch. 20.2 - What is the main advantage of prokaryotic fission,...Ch. 20.2 - describe the range of environments inhabited by...Ch. 20.2 - describe adaptations that help protect prokaryotes...
Ch. 20.2 - explain how prokaryotes reproduce and exchange...Ch. 20.3 - If all of Earths nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes were...Ch. 20.3 - Unwelcome Dinner Guests Many of the bacteria...Ch. 20.3 - explain how prokaryotes affect animal and plant...Ch. 20.3 - explain prokaryotes role in nutrient recycling?Ch. 20.3 - describe how prokaryotes help clean up pollution?Ch. 20.3 - describe some of the pathogenic bacteria that...Ch. 20.4 - Why are viruses unable to replicate outside of a...Ch. 20.4 - Biotechnologists often use viruses to transfer...Ch. 20.4 - describe the structure and characteristics of...Ch. 20.4 - describe the effects they can have on host...Ch. 20.4 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 20.4 - Unwelcome Dinner Guests How do harmful bacteria...Ch. 20 - The name of the process by which DNA is...Ch. 20 - A community of prokaryotes surrounded by slime and...Ch. 20 - Which of the following statements about archaea is...Ch. 20 - Viruses a. are usually photosynthetic. b. consist...Ch. 20 - Applying fertilizer near an oil spill to Increase...Ch. 20 - ____________, have peptidoglycan in...Ch. 20 - Prokaryotic cells are ____________,...Ch. 20 - Many prokaryotes use ____________ to move about....Ch. 20 - ____________,bacteria inhabit environments that...Ch. 20 - Prokaryotes reproduce by ____________ and may...Ch. 20 - The plant nutrient ammonium is produced by...Ch. 20 - Cholera, gonorrhea, and pneumonia are some of the...Ch. 20 - A virus consists of a molecule of __________ or...Ch. 20 - Describe some of the ways in which prokaryotes...Ch. 20 - What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and what role...Ch. 20 - Describe some of the extreme environments in which...Ch. 20 - What is an endospore? What is its function?Ch. 20 - What is conjugation? What role do plasmids play in...Ch. 20 - Why are prokaryotes especially useful in...Ch. 20 - Describe the structure of a typical virus. How do...Ch. 20 - Describe some examples of how prokaryotes are...Ch. 20 - How do archaea and bacteria differ? How do...Ch. 20 - Prob. 1ACCh. 20 - Before the discovery of prions, many (perhaps...
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- What would the results of Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment have looked like if they supported the theory of spontaneous generation? B. What did Pasteur's experiments not prove? C. How would the presence of endospores in Louis Pasteur's nutrient solutions have affected his conclusions about spontaneous generation?arrow_forwardWhat scientific development was a crucial initial step to enhancing our knowledge of virus structure? A.) Development of new microscopy stains. B.) Invention of the electron microscope. C.) Development of DNA sequencing techniques. D.) Discovery of antibiotics. E.) Publication of Koch's postulates.arrow_forwardA key result of the pandemic has been the increased scrutiny of scientific research by a broader and, in some cases, a less experienced audience, resulting in significant discussions about the basic tenets of scientific theory and discovery. How would you help people understand the enduring value of experimental science to our society for effectively addressing challenging human health problems?arrow_forward
- Which of the following characteristics, structures,or processes is common to both bacteria andviruses?(A) metabolism(B) ribosomes(C) genetic material composed of nucleic acid(D) cell divisionarrow_forwardE. coli can cause various infections and food poisoning. How can people protect themselves from becoming sick with E. coli? On the other hand, many bacteria live in our digestive tract, including E. coli, are important in producing vitamins and enhancing our absorption of nutrients. They represent roughly around 3 Ibs of an adult's body weight, and some scientists call them a person's second brain. Antibiotics can kill both "good" and "bad" bacteria. What are some of the effects of antibiotics killing good bacteria? How does consuming acidophilus influence your normal intestinal flora? What are some of the things people do to take care of the "microbial friends" inside their guts?arrow_forward48) Sleeping sickness is caused by: a) Unicellular organism b) Eukaryote c) Protozoan d) Parasite e) Zoonotic agent 49) There are no antibiotics for fungus because: a) They are Eukaryote b) Have the same ribosomal mechanism as us c) Most natural antibiotics are made by fungus d) all the above e) a & b only 50) The most common animal virus shape consists of: a) 20 equilateral triangles b) 12 vertices c) icosahedron head and helical tail d) a & b e) none of the abovearrow_forward
- In 1928, British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made an accidental discovery. He noticed that a fungus had contaminated one of the agar plates he had streaked with a bacterial species to be studied. The fungus prevented the bacteria from growing in the immediate area surrounding the fungus. Upon further investigation, Fleming found that the fungus produced a substance that was the agent responsible for killing the bacteria. He called this substance penicillin. Given this information, which statement best explains why Fleming's discovery is relevant to the general public today? O Fleming's attention to detail diverted his efforts to investigate bacteria and likely robbed humanity of important discoveries that he would have otherwise made. Fleming's sloppiness in the lab serves as a reminder to all researchers that sterile technique is critical to preventing unwanted fungal growth on bacterial plates. Fleming's discovery enabled the development of chemical substances as antibiotics to…arrow_forward(if anyone please help me with all these questions) 2. As eukaryotic cells become more specialized, the nucleus is NOT important as the site of a) DNA synthesis, b) changes in the regulation of genes, c) protein synthesis, d) the transcription of mRNA for protein synthesis, e) DNA mutation. 3. In the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, these cells have key changes that include which of the following: a) These cells reproduce by copying their DNA perfectly each generation. b) They have their DNA in the nucleoid area. c) have adapted the mesosome membrane system of the prokaryote to form a nucleus and an endoplasmic reticulum. d) each new type on new eukaryote cell has its own mesosomes e) none of these are true. 4. The evolution/development of the skeletal system found in the Deuterostomes, is made up of two molecules, Ca+2PO4-2 and collagen These molecules are produced released from by a specialized type of stem cell. Therefore, one would expect that these stem cells perform which…arrow_forwardhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ivMSCi-Y2Q&feature=emb_logo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2nWNZ-gixI&feature=emb_logo what do bobtail squids and bacteria have in common? How can this knowledge be applied to the medical field?arrow_forward
- Which description below describes viruses? acellular, made of protein capsid which protects viral genetic informaion, either DNA or RNA but not bo O acelluar, eukaryotes, Domain Archaea O cellular, eukaryotes, Domain Eukarya O acellular, prokaryotes, Domain Bacteria Question 14 Your lab partner wants to know the reasons viruses are not considered cells. You provide all the following reasons EXCEPT you make one mistake. Which statement below is FALSE with regard to why viruses are not considered cells?arrow_forward1.) Your roommate has noticed that you now spend most of your time studying microbiology and has become curious about the subject. She asks you to explain in the simplest possible way how prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes. What do you tell her? 2.) In the advent of COVID-19, what physical method and chemical agent do you think is the most effective method in controlling the spread of the disease? Justify your answer.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is correct regarding multicellularity? a) All protists are unicellular organisms b) Colonies of bacteria are considered multicellular organisms c) It arises from endosymbiosis d) In animals, multicellularity involved the evolution of a new sequence domain in proteins called cadherins that allow cells to attach to one another e) Multicellularity evolved only once in all eukaryotesarrow_forward
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