Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 16.3, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The effect of inactivation of protease (enzyme, which cuts the HIV protein) by the drugs on the HIV’s (human immunodeficiency virus) reproductive cycle.
Introduction:
The HIV usually infects the host cell by integrating its deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA (made by the reverse transcription of its RNA (ribonucleic acid) template followed by its replication) into the host cell. After integration, the viral DNA transcribes and then translates to produce viral proteins that are processed by protease enzymes.
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Students have asked these similar questions
a. Which type of viruses can be directly used for translation?
a)
dsRNA
b)
Positive ssRNA
c)
Retroviruses
d)
Negative ssRNA
b.
An antiviral drug specifically modifies viral receptors on a eukaryotic host cell. How might this affect the viral reproductive cycle?
It would enhance the process of viral apoptosis
It would result in the degeneration of the viral capsid
It would facilitate the process of viral endocytosis
It would prevent the virus from attaching to the host cell
Explain the role of RNase H (a component of reverse transcriptase)during the synthesis of HIV DNA.
Describe the process of reverse transcription of HIV RNA.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
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- Retroviruses, like the HIV, contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. Explain the flow of genetic information in HIV.arrow_forwardOncogenic viruses may either carry oncogenes within their genome, or affect native genes within the cells they infect, thus having an effect on cell cycle regulation within host cells. 1) True 2) Falsearrow_forwardAre the HIV-1 protease inhibitors transition state analogs? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- Gonorrhea is a sexually transmissible disease (STD) caused by the bacterium Neiserria gonorrhoeae. In the 1940s, penicillin was introduced as an antibiotic to treat gonorrhea. In particular, the drug inhibits the formation of new cell walls in dividing bacterial cells, making new cells vulnerable to the human body's defences. However, a new strain of Neiserria gonorrhoeae was found that is capable of breaking down penicillin, making this strain resistant. The emergence of this new strain has been associated with instances of non-strict compliance of certain patients on the use of penicillin as well as the improper administration of the drug. Based on the information given, formulate a strategy that could help control this new strain.arrow_forwardDecreasing the amount of cytokine produced by the body would most directly prevent what event during the progression of COVID-19 in its host? A). Early viral infection of host cells. B). Replication of infected cells. C). Excessive damage to lung cells by the hot immune system. D). Transmission of the virus from one host to another.arrow_forwardWhy can protease inhibitors and nucleoside analogs be used in minimizing the replication of the HIV virus?arrow_forward
- Explain the role of HIV protease during the process of HIV maturation.arrow_forwardThe same molecular process that causes antigenic drift in HIV can lead to resistance to some antiretroviral drugs used in HIV therapy. Which of the following explains why a combinationdifferent antiretroviral drugs is more effective than a single antiretroviral drug? Select ALL that apply.a).Each antiretroviral drug has a different mechanism of action and targets a different aspect of HIV replication.b).By using 3 different antiretroviral drugs at the same time, it is highly unlikely that a combination of mutations conferring drug resistance will occur at the same time.c)Administering 3 antiretroviral drugs achieves higher levels of each drug than administering just one antiretroviral drug.d).By using 3 different antiretroviral drugs, these drugs are likely to be more effective in inhibiting the same HIV enzyme than one antiretroviral drug.e),Administering 3 antiretroviral drugs is less toxic than administering one antiretroviral drug.arrow_forwardDescribe the replication cycle of the HIV.arrow_forward
- After lambda infects a cell, how does it decide to create a lysogen? Name the major cis and transplayers and their function.arrow_forwardRetroviruses can cause cancer, along with some viruses with DNA genomes. For example, herpes papillomavirus causes cervical cancer. The HPV genome encodes a protein called E6 that interferes with p53 function, and another protein called E7 that inhibits the function of Rb protein. Explain how HPV causes cancer. Are the viral E6 and E7 protein functions more similar to oncogenes or tumor suppressors?arrow_forwardModerna and Pfizer vaccines for COVID-19 use mRNA to the Spike protein combined with lipids. Which of the following is/are advantages of this type of vaccine compared to an inactivated virus vaccine? Select ALL correct answers. a) The vaccine is more stable for transport. b) The vaccine does not contain the virus so it cannot give you COVID-19. c) The vaccine can be rapidly produced in a slightly different form to protect from variants of SARS-CoV-2. d) The vaccine does not need a booster.arrow_forward
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