Prescott's Microbiology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781260211887
Author: WILLEY, Sandman, Wood
Publisher: McGraw Hill
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Textbook Question
Chapter 16, Problem 2AL
Mistakes made during transcription affect the cell but not considered “mutations.” Why not?
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Listed below are steps in the transcription process. Reorganize the list so the steps in the correct order- starting with the first step in initiating transcription and ending with completion of a new strand of RNA (in other words- from start to finish of transcription).
RNA polymerase reaches the termination signal
DNA unwinds underneath RNA polymerase at transcription start site
RNA polymerase is recruited to the promoter region
mRNA transcript is released
General Transcription factors bind TATA box (and other DNA sequences) in the promoter region
General Transcription Factors unbind from promoter region
mRNA transcript synthesis occurs
RNA polymerase moves along the template strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction
Hydrogen bonds are important in DNA replication and transcription. They are relatively weak chemical bonds. Why is this a desirable feature for DNA?
Describe the effect (s) of changing (mutating) the promoter on the transcription of the DNA strand/gene the promoter controls.
What happens to protein synthesis if a nonsense codon is inserted into the gene?
Explain why a point mutation does not necessarily change the original amino acid sequence. (Explain silent mutations)
Choose any pentapeptide composed of five different amino acids. List the amino acids. Present one messenger RNA codon for each amino acids and the sequence of nucleotides on the DNA that originally coded for your pentapeptide.
This is a missense mutation. Include the ideas of transcription and translation. Compare the normal and abnormal strands.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Prescott's Microbiology
Ch. 16.1 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply List three ways in which...Ch. 16.1 - Compare and contrast the means by which the...Ch. 16.1 - Give examples of intragenic and extragenic...Ch. 16.1 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Sometimes a point mutation...Ch. 16.1 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Why might a missense...Ch. 16.2 - How would you screen for a tryptophan auxotroph?...Ch. 16.2 - Why is a small amount of histidine added to the...Ch. 16.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Describe how replica...Ch. 16.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Why are mutant selection...Ch. 16.2 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Briefly discuss how...
Ch. 16.2 - Describe how you would isolate a mutant that...Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 5CCCh. 16.3 - How is mismatch repair similar to DNA polymerase...Ch. 16.3 - How is damaged DNA recognized by the UvrAB...Ch. 16.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 16.3 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply What role does DNA...Ch. 16.3 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply When E. coli cells are...Ch. 16.3 - Explain how the following DNA alterations and...Ch. 16.4 - An antibiotic-resistance gene located on a...Ch. 16.4 - What four fates can DNA have after entering a...Ch. 16.4 - How does homologous recombination differ from...Ch. 16.5 - What features are common to all types of...Ch. 16.5 - How does a transposon differ from an insertion...Ch. 16.5 - What is simple (cut-and-paste) transposition? What...Ch. 16.5 - What effect would you expect the existence of...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 1MICh. 16.6 - What is bacterial conjugation and how was it...Ch. 16.6 - For F+, Hfr, and F strains of E. coli, indicate...Ch. 16.6 - Describe how F+ F and Hfr conjugation processes...Ch. 16.6 - Compare and contract F+ F and F F conjugation.Ch. 16.7 - According to this model, what would happen if DNA...Ch. 16.7 - Prob. 1CCCh. 16.7 - Describe how transformation occurs in S....Ch. 16.7 - Discuss two ways in which artificial...Ch. 16.8 - Compare the number of transducing particles that...Ch. 16.8 - Why cant the gal and bio genes be transduced by...Ch. 16.8 - Describe generalized transduction and how it...Ch. 16.8 - What is specialized transduction and how does it...Ch. 16.8 - How might one tell whether horizontal gene...Ch. 16.8 - Why doesnt a cell lyse after successful...Ch. 16.8 - Describe how conjugation, transformation, and...Ch. 16.9 - As a replicative transposon, what would happen if...Ch. 16 - Prob. 1RCCh. 16 - Prob. 2RCCh. 16 - Prob. 3RCCh. 16 - Prob. 4RCCh. 16 - Prob. 5RCCh. 16 - Prob. 6RCCh. 16 - Mutations are often considered harmful. Give an...Ch. 16 - Mistakes made during transcription affect the cell...Ch. 16 - Suppose that transduction took place when a U-tube...Ch. 16 - Suppose that you carried out a U-tube experiment...Ch. 16 - Prob. 5ALCh. 16 - Prob. 6ALCh. 16 - Prob. 7AL
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- How would transcription be affected in eukaryotic cells if Mediator was deleted? Group of answer choices 1.Transcription would occur, but a basal level 2.Transcription would be unaffected with normal levels of transcript produced 3.Transcription would be accelerated 4.Transcription would be aborted and no transcription would take placearrow_forwardA cell has a mutated mediator protein. a) How will this affect transcription of genes? (circle an answer below) No transcription Weak transcription will occur Strong transcription will occur b) Why? Describe your choice abovearrow_forwardMatch the term to its best definition. molecule with high-energy bond that carries amino acid to translation site part of a gene that gets translated into a protein primary transcript in eukaryotes that needs to be processed single stranded nucleic acid that helps both in transcription and in splicing nucleic acid that makes up 50% of each ribosome sequence of DNA upstream from the gene that binds RNA polymerase before transcription post processing molecule that carries instructions for making a protein from the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm part of a gene that gets spliced out during pre mRNA processingarrow_forward
- TRUE OR FALSEErrors in transcription can lead to silent mutations encoding the same amino acid or an altered protein that retains its functionality.arrow_forwardA gene is about to be transcribed. Draw a cartoon/ diagram of double stranded DNA that contains this gene, and indicate where in this DNA corresponds (or will correspond to after transcription): promoter, 4 exons, 4 introns, start of transcription, start of translation, start codon, and stop codon.arrow_forwardSome drugs may reduce DNA methylation at the promoter of the reelin gene. What is the likely impact that this has on reelin expression? Group of answer choices: increased transcription decreased transcription no change in transcription, but decrease in translation no effect on transcription, but increase in translation altered pattern of DNA replicationarrow_forward
- Consider this list (below) of steps involved in transcription. These steps are out of order. TRANSCRIPTION: 1. mRNA travels through a nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm 2. the mRNA polymerase attaches at the start of a specific gene 3. RNA polymerase reads the gene surface4. a transcription factor bonds to a promoter site5. DNA molecule is unwound 6. a complimentary mRNA is produced What is the correct order of this transcription?arrow_forwardInverted repeats in the DNA sequence being transcribed can lead to mRNA molecule that forms a hairpin loop and is often used terminate transcription. The transcription process supercolls DNA. the first statement is true. the second statement is false. the first statement is false. the second statement is true. Both statements are true. Both statements are false.arrow_forwardFor each mutant, state what change has occurred in the DNA, whether it was a substitution by transition or transversion, sense mutation, nonsense or reading frame change. It must present the codon sequence. Normal nucleotide sequence starting from the third codon: CCC-ACG-GUG-ACG-ACA-CGG-UGG Please show the codon and nucleotide sequence of the mutation.arrow_forward
- Shown below is an eukaryotic gene. Assuming normal wild type RNA processing in a.cell, which of the following mature MRNAS could result in normal levels of functional synthesized proteins? Select all that apply Direction of transcription Promoter Template strand 5' Exon 4 Intron 3 Exon 3 Intron 2 Exon 2 Intron 1 Exon 1 3' 5' Coding strand Transcription start Transcription start 5' CAP-Exon1-Exon3-Exon4-AA..AAAA 5' CAP-Exon1-Exon2-Exon3-Exon4-AA...AAAA 5' CAP-Exon1-Exon2-Exon3-Exon4 Exon1-Exon2-Exon3-Exon4-.....AAAAarrow_forwardMatch the statement that corresponds to the specific type of transcription and translation. Choices: Eukaryotic Translation Prokaryotic Translation and Transcription Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription Prokaryotic Transcription Prokaryotic Translation Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation Eukaryotic Transcription 1. RF1 and RF2 recognize the three bases to terminate the process 2. TATA box in the promoter region 3. single mRNA codes for the proteome 4. methionine is removed 5. simultaneous and rapid process producing mRNA and polypeptide 6. eRF recognizes UGA 7. dozen of initiation factors involving methionyl tRNA * 8. rho factor and sequence of uracil in a loop conclude the process 9. ribosome propels to the next bases 10. sigma factor binds to RNA polymerase in the promoter region 11. regulating elements in the operon 12. cleaving the polypeptide by adding water 13. removal of gene segment disrupting the message 14. CAAT box is found 80 nucleotides from the…arrow_forwardRegarding the trp operon: when levels of tryptophan are low, the ___ hairpin forms, resulting in _____ of transcription. Group of answer choices 2-3; termination 3-4; termination 3-4; continuation 2-3; continuationarrow_forward
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