To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation. Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant ( ρ )is the slope of logarithm of rate constant ( logk ) versusHammett substitution constant ( σ ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as: The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Question

Information about the mechanism of the reaction undergone by a series of substituted benzenes can be obtained by plotting the logarithm of the observed rate constant determined at a particular pH against the Hammett substituent constant (s) for the particular substituent. The s value for hydrogen is 0. Electron- donating substituents have negative s values; the more strongly electron donating the substituent, the more negative its s value. Electron-withdrawing substituents have positive s values; the more strongly electron withdrawing the substituent, the more positive its s value. The slope of a plot of the logarithm of the rate constant versus s is called the r (rho) value. The r value for the hydroxide-ion-promoted hydrolysis of a series of meta- and para-substituted ethyl benzoates is +2.46; the r value for amide formation for the reaction of a series of meta- and para-substituted anilines with benzoyl chloride is -2.78. a. Why does one set of experiments give a positive r value,…

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 92P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

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Information about the mechanism of the reaction undergone by a series of substituted benzenes can be obtained by plotting the logarithm of the observed rate constant determined at a particular pH against the Hammett substituent constant (s) for the particular substituent. The s value for hydrogen is 0. Electron- donating substituents have negative s values; the more strongly electron donating the substituent, the more negative its s value. Electron-withdrawing substituents have positive s values; the more strongly electron withdrawing the substituent, the more positive its s value. The slope of a plot of the logarithm of the rate constant versus s is called the r (rho) value. The r value for the hydroxide-ion-promoted hydrolysis of a series of meta- and para-substituted ethyl benzoates is +2.46; the r value for amide formation for the reaction of a series of meta- and para-substituted anilines with benzoyl chloride is -2.78. a. Why does one set of experiments give a positive r value,…

Electrophilic aromatic substitution usually occurs at the 1-position of naphthalene, also called the a position. Predict the major products of the reactions of naphthalene with HNO3, H2SO4.

Alkynes do not react directly with aqueous acid as do alkenes, but will do so in the presence of mercury(II) sulfate as a Lewis acid catalyst. The reaction occurs with Markovnikov regiochemistry, so the OH group adds to the more highly substituted carbon and the H adds to the less highly substituted carbon. The initial product of the reaction is a vinyl alcohol, also called an enol. The enol immediately rearranges to a more stable ketone via tautomerization. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions -X티 Hö: H-O -CH3 -CH3 H30*

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 92P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 92P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 92P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

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Answer 5

Chapter 15, Problem 92P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 6

Chapter 15, Problem 92P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 7

Chapter 15, Problem 92P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction:

Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To explain the following result obtain from theHammett equation.

Concept introduction: Hammett reaction constant (ρ)is the slope of logarithm of rate constant (logk) versusHammett substitution constant (σ) graph. The logk Vs σ graph can be represented as:

The negative value of the ρ means electrons flow out from the aromatic ring in the rate-determining step and positive value of ρ electrons flow into the aromatic ring in the rate determining step.

Answer 12

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Ch. 15.1 - The aromas of many flowers and fruits are due to...Ch. 15.1 - Name the following:Ch. 15.1 - Prob. 3P Ch. 15.2 - Which is longer, the carbon-oxygen single bond in...Ch. 15.2 - There are three carbon-oxygen bonds in methyl...Ch. 15.2 - Prob. 6P Ch. 15.4 - a. What is the product of the reaction of acetyl...Ch. 15.4 - What is the product of an acyl substitution...Ch. 15.5 - a. Which compound has the stretching vibration for...Ch. 15.5 - Using the pKa values listed in Table 15.1, predict...

Solution Summary: The author explains the Hammett reaction constant, which is the slope of logarithm of rate constant ( logk ) versusHammet

Chapter 15 Solutions