Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 14.6, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The presence of ‘code’ that can help in determination of posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation or glycosylation. Also, to decipher if they are related to the genetic code.
Introduction:
The modifications that occur in the protein after it has been translated from the ribosomes are called post translational modifications. They can be of various types and are responsible for the active form of protein.
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ADP ribosylation is one example of post-translational modification of an enzyme. Which statements about the process is true?
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The ending of DNA around histones in the nucleus is altered by the ADP -ribosylation of the histone proteins in cancer cells
ADP ribosylation requires ADP and the target protein as the substrates in the ADP ribosylation
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Which of these is a post-translational modification that targets a protein to the
proteasome?
O Ubiquitination
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O Phosphorylation
O Glycosylation
O Methylation
To create a functional hormone, insulin pre-mRNA is first made during the process of transcription in the nucleus. It is then modified and exported out of the nucleus. Next, a BLANK (a specific molecule in the cell) carries-out translation using tRNAs to translate the sequence into amino acids. The polypeptide is further processed and then secreted from the cell.
Chapter 14 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
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- Hydrogen bonds are important in DNA replication and transcription. They are relatively weak chemical bonds. Why is this a desirable feature for DNA? Describe the effect (s) of changing (mutating) the promoter on the transcription of the DNA strand/gene the promoter controls. What happens to protein synthesis if a nonsense codon is inserted into the gene? Explain why a point mutation does not necessarily change the original amino acid sequence. (Explain silent mutations) Choose any pentapeptide composed of five different amino acids. List the amino acids. Present one messenger RNA codon for each amino acids and the sequence of nucleotides on the DNA that originally coded for your pentapeptide.arrow_forwardA study is conducted to assess the molecular mechanisms of hormone X. A radioactively labeled form of this hormone is incubated with human cells in tissue culture for 30 minutes, and then incubated briefly with a cross-linking agent. The plasma membrane, cytosolic, and nuclear fractions are isolated from the cell lysate, and the subcellular proteins are separated from these fractions by gel electrophoresis. The only protein bound to the labeled hormone is identified in the new clear fraction. Hormone X is most likely which of the following? Epinephrine Glucagon Growth hormone Insulin Thyroxinearrow_forwardDefine transcription and translation. Give 3 ways in which they are similar and 3 ways in which they are different.arrow_forward
- Briefly (list in bullet points) what are the FIVE stages of Protein synthesis. Why do you suppose incidences of mutations in enzymes involved in these processes are extremely rare in people — affectingarrow_forwardDescribe in general terms the histone code hypothesisarrow_forwardAt which stage of the Central Dogma does MOST of the regulation of gene expression occur? O Post-transcriptional processing of the pre-MRNA O Post-translational processing of the polypeptide chain Transcription of pre-mRN O Translation of proteinarrow_forward
- Describe the effects of transcription factors on gene transcriptionarrow_forwardHow would a change to the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA segment affect the mRNA transcribed from the DNA?arrow_forwardDescribe the specificity between the amino acid carried by a tRNA and a codon in mRNA.arrow_forward
- Describe regulatory mechanisms for each of the following levels. Give at least on example for each level: (1) DNA, (2) transcription, (3) translation, and (4) post-translationarrow_forwardWhich amino acid is coded by the mRNA codes UUGarrow_forwardThe peptide hormone oxytocin induces labor by stimulating the concentration of uterine smooth muscle. Its amino acid sequence is as follows: Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly.Write a messenger RNA sequence for that sequence. Write the sequence of the two strands of DNA nucleotides that carry the information. for that protein.arrow_forward
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