Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 13, Problem 1COQ
Summary Introduction
To determine: The ncRNAs which may have arisen during the RNA world, and which probably arose after the modern DNA/RNA/protein world came into being.
Introduction: The RNA world refers to a period that has been hypothesized by scientists when RNA was the only genetic material on earth and it also acted as enzyme. This hypothesis was superseded by the modern DNA/RNA/protein world hypothesis.
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Imagine the four basic components of gene regulation are DNA, RNA, proteins, and small molecules. Which of these things can ncRNA interact with?
Briefly describe the role of the following RNAS:
(i)
IncRNA
(ii)
miRNA
The number of microRNAs encoded by the genome varies widely among organisms: some species have many miRNA genes and other species have relatively few. Researchers have determined the number of miRNA genes possessed by different species and have made the following observations:
a. The number of miRNA genes found on a chromosome is not correlated with chromosome length. In other words, longer chromosomes do not necessarily have more miRNA genes. b. Most species show a strong positive correlation between the number of miRNA genes on a chromosome and the number of non-proteinencoding genes on that chromosome. In other words, chromosomes with more non-protein-encoding genes have more miRNA genes. c. Many species display a strong positive correlation between the number of miRNA genes on a chromosome and the number of protein encoding genes on that chromosome. In other words, chromosomes with more protein-encoding genes have more miRNA genes Propose possible explanations for these…
Chapter 13 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 13.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 13.3 - Prob. 1EQCh. 13.3 - Prob. 2EQCh. 13.3 - Prob. 3EQCh. 13.3 - Effects of Non-coding RNAs on Translation and mRNA...Ch. 13.4 - Non-coding RNAs and Protein Sorting Core Skill:...Ch. 13.5 - Core Skill: Modeling The goal of this modeling...Ch. 13 - Prob. 1TYCh. 13 - Prob. 2TY
Ch. 13 - Prob. 3TYCh. 13 - Prob. 4TYCh. 13 - Prob. 5TYCh. 13 - Prob. 6TYCh. 13 - With regard to miRNAs and siRNAs, which of the...Ch. 13 - Cas1 and Cas2 proteins play a role during which of...Ch. 13 - Which of the following components bind to...Ch. 13 - Abnormalities in the expression of ncRNAs are...Ch. 13 - An ncRNA may have one or more of the following...Ch. 13 - What is RNA interference (RNAi)? Explain how the...Ch. 13 - Prob. 3CQCh. 13 - Prob. 1COQCh. 13 - Go to the PubMed website and search for non-coding...
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- The number of microRNAs encoded by the genome varies widely among organisms: some species have many miRNA genes and other species have relatively few. Researchers have determined the number of miRNA genes possessed by different species and have made the following observations: a. The number of miRNA genes found on a chromosome is not correlated with chromosome length. In other words, longer chromosomes do not necessarily have more miRNA genes. b. Most species show a strong positive correlation between the number of miRNA genes on a chromosome and the number of non-proteinencoding genes on that chromosome. In other words, chromosomes with more non-protein-encoding genes have more miRNA genes. c. Many species display a strong positive correlation between the number of miRNA genes on a chromosome and the number of proteinencoding genes on that chromosome. In other words, chromosomes with more protein-encoding genes have more miRNA genes. Propose possible explanations for these…arrow_forwardMicroRNAs are small RNA molecules that bind to the 3′ end of mRNA and suppress translation . Some eukaryotic mRNAs have internal ribosome-binding sites downstream of the 5′ cap, where ribosomes normally bind. In one investigation, miRNAs did not suppress translation by ribosomes that had attached to internal ribosomebinding sites ). What does this finding suggest about how miRNAs suppress translation?arrow_forwardThe number of microRNAs encoded by the genome varies widely among organisms: some species have many miRNA genes and other species have relatively few. Researchers have determined the number of miRNA genes possessed by different species and have made the following observations: Q. The number of miRNA genes found on a chromosome is not correlated with chromosome length. In other words, longer chromosomes do not necessarily have more miRNA genes.arrow_forward
- Although exRNAs are found in many fluids within plants and animals, why are they usually found within vesicles or bound by proteins?arrow_forwardA doctoral student in biology, Esther Mensah, is reviewing primary literature over RNAi interference as part of her literary research for her proposal on decreasing the amount of abnormal white blood cell growth associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) using a murine (mouse) model. She is being provided with 10 AML mice courtesy of her mentor. Can you help her out with her proposal? 1) Given her knowledge of RNAi, what type of RNA will Esther use to target the murine AML gene? a piRNA. b circRNA. c lncRNA. d siRNA. 2) In order for Esther’s RNAi to work, the small RNA pieces have to interact with another molecule. What molecule does she hope it will bind to? a DUH! It will bind to the DNA strands of the AML gene and knock it out! b It will bind to tRNA, which will block attachment of the amino acids needed to make the AML protein. c It will bind to circRNA, which will increase its longevity. d It will bind to the…arrow_forwardMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding, single-stranded RNAs approximately 19-25 nucleotides in length that bind to mRNAs. Numerous protein-encoding genes are regulated by miRNAs, including those involved in the immune response. Research has shown that rejection of transplanted organs is associated with alterations in the expression of various genes. To determine whether a link exists between miRNA expression patterns and organ rejection, a team of scientists performed the following set of experiments. Experiment 1 MicroRNA levels were measured in the biopsy specimens of patients with normal transplanted kidneys and patients with kidneys that showed histologic features of acute rejection (AR). MicroRNA sequences are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Normalized miRNA levels miRNA Sequence miR-142-5p 5'-CAUAAAGUAGAAAGCACUACU-3' miR-155 5'-UUAAUGCUAAUCGUGAUAGGGGU-3' Nucleotide Sequences for Mature miRNAs miR-223 miR-10b 5'-UACCCUGUAGAACCGAAUUUGUG-3' let-7c miR-30a-3p 5'-CUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUGCAGC-3'…arrow_forward
- Given that ncRNA can have separate protein interaction sequences and nucleotide interaction sequences, do you think a single ncRNA could guide different proteins to the same DNA sequence? Why or why not?arrow_forwardA doctoral student in biology, Esther Mensah, is reviewing primary literature over RNAi interference as part of her literary research for her proposal on decreasing the amount of abnormal white blood cell growth associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) using a murine (mouse) model. She is being provided with 10 AML mice courtesy of her mentor. Can you help her out with her proposal? 1) Esther’s eventual goal is to design 20-26 bp RNA pieces that can bind to mRNA of AML and test it in a murine model. Of the choices below, which seems like the first step necessary to get her research off the ground? a) Make sure there is similarity between the murine AML gene and the human AML gene using a Clustal Omega alignment. b) BLAST the human version of the AML gene in NCBI. c) First, see if there is an existing mouse AML gene accession on NCBI to work with since that would negate the necessity to produce her own saving much time and money. d) Design the RNAi she will use for…arrow_forwarddescribe the likely pathway a dsRNA takes after being eaten in order for an RNAi effect to be passed on to a worm’s offspring.arrow_forward
- The piRNA, miRNA and RNAi pathways are all similar and may have evolved from some early function of small RNAs in an ancestral cell. The piRNA pathway seems a bit unique in several ways however. Name two distinct features that are unique to the piRNA pathway when compared to the miRNA and the RNAi pathwaarrow_forwardWhy are miRNAs called noncoding RNAs? Explain how they participate in gene regulation.arrow_forwardExplain the piRNAs (piwi-interacting RNAs) ? How are they used ?arrow_forward
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