Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 11.1, Problem 2CC
In liver cells, glycogen Phosphorylase acts in which of the three stages of the signaling pathway associated with an epinephrine-initiated Signal?
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During the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by:
Allosteric regulation
Covalent modification
Competitive inhibition
Zymogen activation
Epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown by activating glycogen phosphorylase. However, in the research lab, no glycogen breakdown occurred when epinephrine was added to a test tube containing the enzyme and its substrate, glycogen.
Explain why glycogen phosphorylase could be activated by epinephrine only when the hormone was added to intact cells in a solution.
A mutated form of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein has been identified; this form readily exchanges nucleotides even in the absence of an activated receptor. What would be the effect on a signaling pathway containing the mutated α subunit?
Chapter 11 Solutions
Campbell Biology
Ch. 11.1 - Explain how signaling is involved in ensuring that...Ch. 11.1 - In liver cells, glycogen Phosphorylase acts in...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.2 - WHAT IF? What would the effect be if a cell made...Ch. 11.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How is ligand binding similar to...Ch. 11.3 - What is a protein kinase, and what is its role in...Ch. 11.3 - When a signal transduction pathway involves a...Ch. 11.3 - What is the actual signal that is being transduced...Ch. 11.3 - WHAT IF? If you exposed a cell to a ligand that...
Ch. 11.4 - How can a targct cell's response to a single...Ch. 11.4 - WHAT IF? If two cells have different scaffolding...Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.4 - Prob. 4CCCh. 11.5 - Give an example of apoptosis during embryonic...Ch. 11.5 - WH AT IF? If apoptosis occurred when it should...Ch. 11 - What determines whether a cell responds to a...Ch. 11 - How are the structures of a GPCR and an RTK...Ch. 11 - What is the difference between a protein kinase...Ch. 11 - What mechanisms in the cell terminale its response...Ch. 11 - What is an explanation for the similarities...Ch. 11 - Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of...Ch. 11 - The activation of receptor tyrosinc kinases is...Ch. 11 - Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as...Ch. 11 - Consider this pathway: epinephrine G...Ch. 11 - Apoptosis involves all but which of the following?...Ch. 11 - Which Observation suggestcd to Sutherland the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 11 - DRAW IT Draw the following apoptotic pathway,...Ch. 11 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Identify the evolutlonary...Ch. 11 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 11 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY The aging process...Ch. 11 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION The properties...Ch. 11 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE There are five basic...
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- (a) Predict the effect of a mutation that enhances the activity of the kinase associated with the PDH complex. (b) Predict the effect of a mutation that reduces the activity of the phosphatase associated with the PDH complex.arrow_forwardDescribe the general function and structural features of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Be sure to include an explanation of GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) and GDP exchange factors (GEFs) in the context of the GTPase cycle. How are different classes of heterotrimeric G-proteins defined?arrow_forwardDescribe the mechanisms that limit signaling by the phosphoinositide pathway.arrow_forward
- Given what we know about epinephrine and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, would you predict that glucose 6-dehydrogenase is activated, inhibited, or unaffected by epinephrine induced cell signaling? Explain your prediction.arrow_forwardThe epinephrine-mediated “amplificationcascade” of Figure 24.14 has six steps, all of which are catalyticwith one exception. This cascade leads to the activation of glycogenphosphorylase. This enzyme acts in turn on glycogen to yieldglucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P).(a) Which step is not catalytic?(b) If each catalytic step had a turnover (molecules of substrateacted on per molecule of enzyme) of 10, how many moleculesof G-1-P would result from one molecule of epinephrine?(c) What is the biochemical advantage of such a cascade?(d) How is the amplification cascade of this questionreversed?arrow_forwardNerve-growth factor (NGF) binds to a protein tyrosine kinase receptor. The amount of diacylglycerol in the plasma membrane increases in cells expressing this receptor when treated with NGF. Propose a simple signaling pathway and identify the isoform of any participating enzymes. Would you expect the concentrations of any other common second messengers to increase on NGF treatment?arrow_forward
- What class of enzyme catalyzes each of the two steps that convert tryptophan to serotonin?arrow_forwardIn some forms of diabetes, a mutation in the b subunit of the insulin receptor abolishes the enzymatic activity of that subunit. How does the mutation affect the cell’s response to insulin? Can additional insulin (e.g., from injections) overcome the defect?arrow_forwardPlace the following events in the proper order to describe the production of a second messenger from a G-protein. 1. Dissociation of G alpha from the beta and gamma subunits in the G protein complex 2. Ligand interaction with the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) 3. Recruitment of a G protein to the GPCR and replacement of GDP with GTP on the G alpha subunit 4. Conformational change in the G alpha a subunit causing a decreased affinity for the beta and gamma subunits 5. Activation of an effector, such as adenylyl cyclase to make CAMP, by the active G alpha subunit OA. 4, 5, 1, 2, 3 OB. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 OC-3, 2, 1, 5, 4 OD. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 OE. 2, 3, 4, 1,5 QUESTION 17 Kinases are essential in the cell because they directly OA. destroy IP3, turning off that signaling pathway. OB. phosphorylate proteins to cause conformational changes that change their activity. OC. directly activate translation. O D bind hydrophobic hormones in the cytoplasm to activate them. O E. bind and release calcium…arrow_forward
- The hydrolysis of GTP to GDP is a reversible reaction as shown below. The ΔG for the reaction is ±30.5 kJ/mol. ΔG = ± 30.5 kJ/mol GTP + H2O GDP + Pi a) Which signalling pathway in the above diagram utilizes this forward reaction? (mTOR pathway, Hippo pathway, Both pathways, or Neither pathway) b) Which protein possesses this enzymatic activity within that pathway?arrow_forwardDiabetes often results in the production of reduced levels of insulin. Researchers claim that a drug that binds to and blocks the active site of GSK3 might mimic the role of insulin in the pathway shown in Figure 2. Provide reasoning to justify the researchers' claim.arrow_forwardThe Gq-protein and phospholipase C pathway are responsible for stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. What effect would an agonist or an antagonist have on gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?arrow_forward
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