Human Anatomy & Physiology (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134553511
Author: Erin C. Amerman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 11, Problem 5AYKB
Predict the effect that tetrodotoxin would have on Albert’s muscle fiber action potentials (see question 3). Would it affect end-plate potentials at the motor end plate? Why or why not? (Connects toChapter 10)
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In your own words, describe the main events occurring between the arrivalof an action potential at a motor neuron end plate and contraction of thecorresponding muscle. Use 250 words or less.
Order the following events of excitation and excitationcontraction coupling. Put 1 by the first event, 2 by the second, and so on._____ The motor end plate generates an end-plate potential._____ The action potential spreads along the T-tubules, SR calcium ion channels are pulled open, and calcium ions flood the cytosol._____ Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate, and ligand-gated ion channels open._____ Calcium ions bind troponin, which allows tropomyosin to move away from the actin active site, initiating a contraction cycle._____ The action potential propagates through the sarcolemma and dives deeply into the cell along the T-tubules.
Both the withdrawal reflex and the Golgi tendon reflex involve sensory signals that ultimately control the same type ofmotor neurons and both are protective. Explain how one reflex can cause muscle contraction while the other causes musclerelaxation.
Chapter 11 Solutions
Human Anatomy & Physiology (2nd Edition)
Ch. 11.1 - What are the organs of the CNS?Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 2QCCh. 11.1 - Describe the sensory, integrative, and motor...Ch. 11.1 - 4. What are the differences between the somatic...Ch. 11.1 - How does the somatic motor division of the PNS...Ch. 11.2 - What are the functions of the cell body,...Ch. 11.2 - What are the structural differences between...Ch. 11.2 - What are the functional differences between...Ch. 11.2 - What are the functions of astrocytes?Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 5QC
Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 6QCCh. 11.2 - 7. What is the function of the myelin sheath?
Ch. 11.2 - How does the myelin sheath differ in the CNS and...Ch. 11.2 - Are neurons more likely to regenerate in the CNS...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 10QCCh. 11.3 - 1. What is the resting membrane potential?
Ch. 11.3 - In and around the axon, where is the higher...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 3QCCh. 11.3 - 4. Define local potential. Why is it also called...Ch. 11.3 - Why are local potentials useful only for...Ch. 11.3 - What takes place during the depolarization phase...Ch. 11.3 - 7. What must be reached in order for...Ch. 11.3 - 8. What takes place during the repolarization and...Ch. 11.3 - 9. What are the absolute and relative refractory...Ch. 11.3 - 10. How do local potentials and action potentials...Ch. 11.3 - Which is useful for long-distance signaling, and...Ch. 11.3 - 12. How is an action potential propagated down an...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 13QCCh. 11.4 - What are three locations where presynaptic axons...Ch. 11.4 - Define synaptic transmission.Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 3QCCh. 11.4 - How do the two types of postsynaptic potentials...Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 5QCCh. 11.4 - Prob. 6QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 1QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 2QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 3QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 4QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 5QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 6QCCh. 11.6 - 1. Why are neurons organized into neuronal...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 2QCCh. 11.6 - 3. What mechanisms stabilize neural circuits?
Ch. 11 - Which of the following statements about the...Ch. 11 - 2. Regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and...Ch. 11 - Match each type of neuroglial cell with its...Ch. 11 - 4. Mark the following statements as true or false....Ch. 11 - 5. An axon is best defined as a process that:
a....Ch. 11 - 6. Fill in the blanks: The myelinated segment of...Ch. 11 - 7. Fill in the blanks: The _______is the period of...Ch. 11 - 8. Which of the following statements best...Ch. 11 - 9. Identify the following as properties of...Ch. 11 - The trigger for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles...Ch. 11 - Match the following neurotransmitters with their...Ch. 11 - 12. Which of the following is not a method by...Ch. 11 - 13. A ________is characterized by multiple input...Ch. 11 - Mark the following statements as true or false. If...Ch. 11 - Sequence the following list of events of a...Ch. 11 - 16. Mark the following statements as true or...Ch. 11 - 1. A drug that blocks channels in neurons does so...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 11 - Why must a cell body be intact for an axon to...Ch. 11 - 4. Explain how an action potential is propagated...Ch. 11 - Prob. 1AYKACh. 11 - 2. During a surgical procedure, an...Ch. 11 - Albert accidentally ingests the poison...Ch. 11 - 4. Albert, the patient in question 3, takes the...Ch. 11 - Predict the effect that tetrodotoxin would have on...Ch. 11 - Explain what would happen if depolarization of the...
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- name the details of how an action potential is transfered from a motor neuron to muscle fibers {name structure and neurotransmitters) where is calcium released from (near the contractcle proteins)? what is the function of calcium and ATP at the sacomere?arrow_forwardThe discharge from Golgi tendon organs initiated by excessive stretch ofa skeletal muscle produces :-a- inhibition of α -motor neurons of antagonistic musclesb- inhibition of γ-motor neurons of antagonistic musclesc- inhibition of α -motor neurons of the same muscled- stimulation of γ-motor neurons of the same musclearrow_forwardWhy is it important to remove acetylcholine from its binding to acetylcholine receptor once neural stimulus ends? What can be the possible consequence of non-removal of acetylcholine to the skeletal muscle fiber? please do not just copy from googlearrow_forward
- Discharge from muscle spindles could be increased by all the following, except :-a- increased α-motor neuron dischargeb- increased γ-motor neuron dischargec- stretch of the intrafusal muscle fibersd- stretch of the extrafusal muscle fibersarrow_forwardExplain why the ratio of motor neurons to skeletal muscle fibers is greater in muscles that control eye movement than in postural muscles of the leg.arrow_forwardWhy is it important to remove acetylcholine from its binding to acetylcholine receptors once the neural stimulus ends? What can be the possible consequence of the non-removal of acetylcholine to the skeletal muscle fiber?arrow_forward
- Give an account of the excitation-contraction coupling (Figure 3) in skeletal muscle fibers. Highlight the role of dihydropyridine receptors and ryanodine receptors and the fate of A detailed description of the cross bridge cycle is not calcium ions after contraction. necessary. -Axon teminal of (=) somatic motor neuron ACh Muscle fiber potential Pion ++ Action potential- Na Motor end plate- T-tubule Sarcoptasmic reticulum lellll Ca2+ DHP receptor Tropomyosin Troponin z disk Actin M line Myosin head Myosin thick filamentarrow_forwardProvide a explantion and diagram of the Intracellular mechanism of smooth muscle relaxation via antagonists such as atropine binding and blocking muscarinic receptors M3. explain how Atropine blocks the acetylcholine receptorsarrow_forwardMuscle motor unit recruitment follows the pattern of the SO (I) fibers being recruited first followed by the FOG (IIa) and then ultimately by the FG (IIb) if and when workloads require this. Muscle fatigue follows the order that the FG fibers fatigue first, followed by the FOG fibers and finally (maybe never) the SO fibers. Explain how it makes sense physiologically that the last fibers to be recruited to contract are the first to fatigue, while the first fibers to be recruited to contract would be the last to fatigue.arrow_forward
- Using pyramidal motor tract as a template, describe the voluntary control of skeletal muscles being sure to use appropriate course terminology. Start from the very first neuron and end with neural innervation onto muscle fiber.arrow_forwardWe've referred to alpha-motor neurons as the "decision making centre" for whether or not a muscle fibre contracts. Which of the following statements are true with regards to his concept? Select all that apply. O Alpha motor neurons receive input from many different sources, the balance of which determines whether or not the alpha-motor neuron fires an action potential O Alpha motor neurons are involved in conscious decision making in our central nervous system for planning and executing movements O When an action potential is initiated in an alpha-motor neuron, we are guaranteed an action potential in the muscle fibre, and hence contraction of that fibre. This means the muscle itself does not determine whether or not it contracts O Alpha motor neurons report information on where we are in space (proprioception) back to the central nervous systemarrow_forwardDescribe what is happening overall in the first sentence. Then describe, in detail, what is happening in each step below. Include details about what is happening at steps 5 - 7 in terms of calcium and the contraction mechanism (from a different figure). (a) -Axon terminal of somatic motor neuron Muscle fiber ACh- potential Action Na+ Action potential- -Motor end plate- lell Ca2+ released Myosin thick filament 6 + + + ++arrow_forward
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