Human Anatomy & Physiology (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134553511
Author: Erin C. Amerman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 11, Problem 4AYKA
Albert, the patient in question 3, takes the drug lithium, which reduces the permeability of the neuronal axolemma to
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I am confused about the process of rod cells in the dark.
In the dark, rod cells are unstimulated and therefore the sodium is able to enter and depolarize the cell, stimulating the release of glutamate to the bipolar cell. However, this increase in glutamate in the bipolar cell inhibits the release of action potential from the bipolar cell to the ganglion cell. This doesn't make sense to me because shouldn't there be an increase in action potential since the rod cells are supposed to function in the dark?
Ordinarily, patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease (who have damage to dopamine-releasing axons) move very slowly if at all. However, during an emergency (e.g., a fire in the building), they may move rapidly and vigorously. Suggest a possible explanation.
An undisclosed drug (Drug A) is a drug that can block voltage-gated K+ channels when being introduced into the bloodstream.
Explain the effects of Drug A on the action potentials produced by a neuron. If Drug A could be applied selectively to a presynaptic neuron that releases an excitatory neurotransmitter, analyse how would it alter the synaptic effect of the neurotransmitter on the presynaptic cell.
Remark: The word count limit (250 words only), no less than 100 words
Chapter 11 Solutions
Human Anatomy & Physiology (2nd Edition)
Ch. 11.1 - What are the organs of the CNS?Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 2QCCh. 11.1 - Describe the sensory, integrative, and motor...Ch. 11.1 - 4. What are the differences between the somatic...Ch. 11.1 - How does the somatic motor division of the PNS...Ch. 11.2 - What are the functions of the cell body,...Ch. 11.2 - What are the structural differences between...Ch. 11.2 - What are the functional differences between...Ch. 11.2 - What are the functions of astrocytes?Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 5QC
Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 6QCCh. 11.2 - 7. What is the function of the myelin sheath?
Ch. 11.2 - How does the myelin sheath differ in the CNS and...Ch. 11.2 - Are neurons more likely to regenerate in the CNS...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 10QCCh. 11.3 - 1. What is the resting membrane potential?
Ch. 11.3 - In and around the axon, where is the higher...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 3QCCh. 11.3 - 4. Define local potential. Why is it also called...Ch. 11.3 - Why are local potentials useful only for...Ch. 11.3 - What takes place during the depolarization phase...Ch. 11.3 - 7. What must be reached in order for...Ch. 11.3 - 8. What takes place during the repolarization and...Ch. 11.3 - 9. What are the absolute and relative refractory...Ch. 11.3 - 10. How do local potentials and action potentials...Ch. 11.3 - Which is useful for long-distance signaling, and...Ch. 11.3 - 12. How is an action potential propagated down an...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 13QCCh. 11.4 - What are three locations where presynaptic axons...Ch. 11.4 - Define synaptic transmission.Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 3QCCh. 11.4 - How do the two types of postsynaptic potentials...Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 5QCCh. 11.4 - Prob. 6QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 1QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 2QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 3QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 4QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 5QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 6QCCh. 11.6 - 1. Why are neurons organized into neuronal...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 2QCCh. 11.6 - 3. What mechanisms stabilize neural circuits?
Ch. 11 - Which of the following statements about the...Ch. 11 - 2. Regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and...Ch. 11 - Match each type of neuroglial cell with its...Ch. 11 - 4. Mark the following statements as true or false....Ch. 11 - 5. An axon is best defined as a process that:
a....Ch. 11 - 6. Fill in the blanks: The myelinated segment of...Ch. 11 - 7. Fill in the blanks: The _______is the period of...Ch. 11 - 8. Which of the following statements best...Ch. 11 - 9. Identify the following as properties of...Ch. 11 - The trigger for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles...Ch. 11 - Match the following neurotransmitters with their...Ch. 11 - 12. Which of the following is not a method by...Ch. 11 - 13. A ________is characterized by multiple input...Ch. 11 - Mark the following statements as true or false. If...Ch. 11 - Sequence the following list of events of a...Ch. 11 - 16. Mark the following statements as true or...Ch. 11 - 1. A drug that blocks channels in neurons does so...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 11 - Why must a cell body be intact for an axon to...Ch. 11 - 4. Explain how an action potential is propagated...Ch. 11 - Prob. 1AYKACh. 11 - 2. During a surgical procedure, an...Ch. 11 - Albert accidentally ingests the poison...Ch. 11 - 4. Albert, the patient in question 3, takes the...Ch. 11 - Predict the effect that tetrodotoxin would have on...Ch. 11 - Explain what would happen if depolarization of the...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Phenytoin (sodium channel blocker) and ethosuximide (calcium channel blocker) are anti-seizure drugs that stop seizures from happening. These drugs work by inhibiting electrical impulses (action potentials) from occurring. Explain the importance of sodium and calcium channels on a neuron and the reasons why action potentials do not occur when these channels are inhibited. Thank youarrow_forwardThe effects of neurotransmitter binding are very brief. Explain.arrow_forwardThere are a broad range of anti-epileptic medications currently on the market, with different therapies prescribed for different types and severities of the condition. Given what you have learned about synaptic transmission, which of the following could be a potential therapeutic approach to prevent the spreading of neuronal excitation? (3 correct answers, select all that apply) O A voltage-gated calcium channel blocker/inhibitor selective to glutamate-releasing neurons. O A voltage-gated calcium channel blocker/inhibitor selective to GABA-releasing neurons. O A glutamate receptor blocker (antagonist). O A GABA receptor antagonist. O A glutamate reuptake inhibitor. O A GABA reuptake inhibitor.arrow_forward
- Action potentials are changes in membrane potential that are localized to a small area of the plasma membrane. However, an action potential can trigger the formation of a new action potential nearby. This cycle can repeat to produce conduction of the action potential down the length of the axon. Explain this process.arrow_forwardAs dopamine neurotransmitters are also responsible for producing feelings of euphoria (pleasure), many people affected with Parkinson's disease suffer from depression. A common treatment for Parkinson's is Levodopa, a chemical that turns into dopamine when it passes into the brain. From what you have learned about synapses, explain if people being treated with Levodopa for Parkinson's symptoms would require additional treatment for depression?arrow_forwardUnmyelinated axons conduct action potentials without decrement, but when myelinated axons lose myelin in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, conduction of action potentials is blocked. Why?arrow_forward
- What type of synaptic potential (if any; be sure to indicate if any modification is occurring as well) would occur if: a.) An MAO inhibitor type of antidepressant is functioning at an active dopaminergic synapse that increases the rate of sodium flowing into the cell. b.) Prozac is present at an active serotonin synapse where receptor activation increases the flow of potassium out of the cell.arrow_forwardAntiseizure drugs stop seizures from happening by inhibiting electrical impulses. What is the importance of sodium and calcium channels on a neuron and reasons why actions potentials do not occur when these channels are inhibited.arrow_forwardList four things that can happen to autonomic neurotransmitters after they are released into a synapse.arrow_forward
- Chemicals such as organophosphate pesticides inhibit the activity of acetylcholine esterase. What effect would they have on the synapse?arrow_forwardnerve axon has an absolute refractory period of 0.6 ms and a relative refractory period of 0.8 ms, explain what will happen if an action potential is elicited at the following time periods after the original action potential is produced at time equal to zero.arrow_forwardCan you explain to me why choice E is the correct answer and break down why the other options are false?Select the choice option that is TRUE regarding the absolute and relative refractory periods of the action potential (AP). A. The absolute refractory period occurs when the activation gate of voltage gated sodium channel closes at the peak of the AP B. The relative refractory period occurs when the inactivation gate of voltage gated sodium channels closes at the peak of the AP C. The relative refractory period occurs when the activation gate of voltage gated potassium channels opens at the peak of the AP D. The absolute refractory period may be overcome if enough excitatory stimulation is applied to the neuronal membrane E. All of the choice options are FALSE regarding the absolute and relative refractory periods of the AParrow_forward
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