Study Guide for Campbell Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134443775
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor, Michael A. Pollock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 11, Problem 3SYK
Some signaling pathways alter a protein’s activity; others result in the production of new proteins. Explain the mechanisms for these two different responses.
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A mutated form of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein has been identified; this form readily exchanges nucleotides even in the absence of an activated receptor. What would be the effect on a signaling pathway containing the mutated α subunit?
Cellular signaling follows a cascade of events and has multiple points of regulation. Which of the following could be a reason(s) why a signalling cascade is interrupted, or turned 'off', once it has been turned 'on'?
A) a protein gets tagged with an ubiqutin group and gets degraded
B) a chemical modification occurred on serine, threonine, or tyrosine side chains to turn on/off proteins
C) allosteric regulation causes an active site to be hidden
D) All of the other answers are correct
E) The ligand is prevented from reaching the binding site
Describe the functions of various components of intracellular signaling pathways with diagrams. Explain the three classes of cell-surface receptors.
Chapter 11 Solutions
Study Guide for Campbell Biology
Ch. 11 - How do plant hormones (often called plant growth...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2IQCh. 11 - Label the parts in the following diagram of an...Ch. 11 - Prob. 4IQCh. 11 - a. What does a protein kinase do? b. What is a...Ch. 11 - Prob. 6IQCh. 11 - Prob. 7IQCh. 11 - Prob. 8IQCh. 11 - a. What can one conclude from the fact that the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 1SYK
Ch. 11 - Briefly describe the three stages of cell...Ch. 11 - Some signaling pathways alter a proteins activity;...Ch. 11 - Prob. 4SYKCh. 11 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 11 - Steroid hormones a. bind to cell-surface...Ch. 11 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 11 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 11 - Which of the following is a key difference between...Ch. 11 - Many human diseases (including bacterial...Ch. 11 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 11 - If a protein is activated by the addition of a...Ch. 11 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 11 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 11 - From studying the effects of epinephrine on liver...Ch. 11 - You are a Ca2+ ion in a typical animal cell. Where...Ch. 11 - Which of the following molecules is incorrectly...Ch. 11 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 11 - Prob. 15TYK
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- Second-messenger systems ultimately bring about the desired cell response by inducing a change in the shape and function of particular designated intracellular proteins. (True or false?)arrow_forwardThe G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway elicits diverse intracellular responses in different cells. The basic steps of GPCR signaling are outlined in this diagram. Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of GPCR signaling? The GPCR activation is reversible after the signal of the ligand diminishes. The membrane-embedded enzyme uses GTP as a secondary messenger to initiate gene expression. The ligand attaches to both the GPCR and the membrane-embedded enzyme to activate the GPCR pathway. The ligand-bound GPCR sends a GTP molecule to an enzyme in the membrane and switches it into an active state.arrow_forwardWhat are the three main parts of a signaling pathway? Give a detailed specific example, such as how epinephrine signals for rapid digestion of glycogen in liver cells.arrow_forward
- Once an activated signaling pathway has elicited the proper changes in target gene expression, the pathway must be inactivated. Otherwise, pathological consequences may result, as exemplified by persistent growth factor initiated signaling in many cancers. Many signaling pathways possess intrinsic negative feedback by which a downstream event in a pathway turns off an upstream event. Describe the negative feedback that down-regulates signals induced by (a) erythropoietin and (b) TGF-β.arrow_forwardWith how complicated signaling pathways are, why would there be one protein or molecule that can have such different functions?arrow_forwardCholera toxins, produced by the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio cholerae, disrupt G Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways. They interfere with... the ability of the beta subunit of a G protein to bind to the GPCR the ability of the gamma subunit of a G protein to exchange GDP for GTP the ability of the beta subunit of a G protein to bind to an effector protein the ability of the alpha subunit of a G protein to hydrolyze GTP to GDParrow_forward
- Describe signaling pathways involving intracellular receptors (. Then, explain why a ligand would use an intracellular receptor as opposed to a transmembrane receptorarrow_forwardFor instance, β-catenin is involved in cellular adhesion as well as proliferation. Estrogen can be protective for the heart, but also drive cancer. With how complicated signaling pathways are, why would there be one protein or molecule that can have such different functions?arrow_forwardA cellular response occurs when a signal transduction pathway is activated in animals. Explain two forms of cellular responses that may arise as a result of paracrine or endocrine signaling.arrow_forward
- Describe some of the protein domains that are commonly found within signaling proteins.arrow_forwardG protein coupled receptors play an important role in signal transduction in many cells. Label the four essential components of the G protein coupled receptor signaling system (blanks a-d in the picture) by choosing from the menus below. a b b Each answer will be used at most once, while some will not be used at all (select one for each): Group of answer choices transcription factor с transcription factor Show Transcribed Text d transcription factor B C. transcription factor G protein second messenger G protein second messenger IE G protein second messenger G protein second messenger receptor receptor receptor receptor enzyme enzyme enzyme enzyme steroid hormone steroid hormone steroid hormone steroid hormonearrow_forwardIn the case of GPCR (G protein coupled receptor) signaling pathways, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? The gamma subunit of the trimeric G protein has a transmembrane domain whereas the alpha and beta subunits are peripheral proteins If G alpha was locked in a GTP bound state, it would be bound to the effector enzyme rather than to the beta and gamma subunits. In some but not all signaling pathways, when the beta and gamma subunits are separated from alpha - the beta/gamma pair can also stimulate the activation of effectorsarrow_forward
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