Which of the following would most likely promote necrosis? Select one: a. activation of p53 b. pathogenic infection c. cyclin d. activation of cdk e. inactivation of p53

Which of the following cell-types are most likely to secrete Matrix Metalloproteases (MMPs) that remodel ECM near tumor (select all that apply)?   A. Carcinoma Cells   B. Mast cells   C. Normal Epithelial Cells   D. Macrophages   E. Fibroblasts

Which of the following are characteristics of aging cells (select all that apply)? A. Chronic inflammation results in premature shortening of telomeres B. Lengthening of telomeric DNA sequence C. Accumulation of telomere-dysfunction–induced foci (TIFs) D. Older cells produce more telomerase E. Increased erosion of telomeres

Cancer cells may be more susceptible than normal cells to mitotic catastrophe in response to chemotherapeutic drugs because of which of the following (select all that apply)?   A. They express unique receptors for those drugs on their surface   B. They may be resistant to apoptosis   C. Cancer cells have more efficient DNA repair mechanism than normal cells.   D. Only cancer cells are actively dividing   E. They may lack key G2/M checkpoint controls

What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?   a. oncogenes cause benign tumors (polyps), proto-oncogenes cause malignant tumors   b. oncogenes transform cells to hyperproliferation, proto-oncogenes have a normal cellular role   c. oncogenes have undergone post-translational modification, proto-oncogenes have not   d. oncogenes have undergone intron splicing,  proto-oncogenes have not

Monocytes are a. Recruited by a cancer cell into a tumor b. induced to differentiate into macrophages c. Recruited using attraction signals that are conveyed by chemotactic factors d. All of the above

Which of the following statements about our defenses to protect DNA are correct (select all that apply)? A. Genetic differences in GST enzymes may affect risk of cancer B. Reactive Oxygens species that damage DNA are removed by catalase C. On average, humans are exposed to more naturally occurring plant pesticides compared to man made pesticides. D. Cancer cells upregulate concentration of Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) to remove electrophilic compounds E. High levels of melanin are correlated with increased risk of skin cancer

Which organelle do phagocytes use to digest engulfed particles? a. lysosome b. nucleus c. endoplasmic reticulum d. mitochondria

A tumor suppressor gene ___regulates the cell cycle; an example is _____. Select one: a. negatively, cyclin b. positively, retinoblastoma c. positively, p21 d. negatively, retinoblastoma e. positively, RAS