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- Some cancer cells are insensitive to typical chemotherapy. Research into the mechanisms underlying this insensitivity uncovered an ability by these cells to pump the treatment drug out of the cell against its concentration gradient. Additional drugs have been developed that inhibit the pump, thus trapping the chemotherapeutic agent inside to promote cancer cell destruction. The Figure shows what happens when two types of cells are treated with a 3H-labeled anti-cancer drug, paclitaxel. Which set of cells (A or B) would be described as resistant to the cancer treatment? Explain your answer. What type of transport are the resistant cells using?What is the most likely outcome is we lose the tumor suppressor proteins, cyclin- dependent kinase inhibitors. Select one: o a. Cyclin-cylin dependent kinases will phosphorylate retinoblastoma protein and cell- cycle will not proceed. o b. Cyclin-cylin dependent kinase complex will not phosphorylate retinoblastoma protein and cell-cycle will not proceed. o c. Cyclin-cylin dependent kinase complex will not phosphorylate retinoblastoma protein and cell-cycle will proceed. o d. Cyclin-cylin dependent kinases will phosphorylate retinoblastoma protein and cell- cycle will proceed.Which of the following steps are correct about multistep tumorigenesis (select all that apply)? A. Mutations in progenitor cells are more likely to develop a neoplastic state compared to mutations in stem cells B. Driver mutations give a cell clone a proliferative advanage C. The rate of mutation /genetic change is constant during tumor progression D. Nutrition/diet may effect rate of tumorigenesis E. All cells within a tumor are biologically equivalent and equally capable of high levels proliferation
- Tumor Suppressor Genes are often called as gatekeepers because: a. They signify their involvement in governing the dynamics of cell proliferation b. They allow tumors to proliferate at an uncontrolled rate c. To allow a transport channel of suppressors d. They are not referred to as ?gatekeepers?The best strategy for treating a specific type of human tumor can depend on identifying the type of cell that became cancerous to give rise to the tumor. For some tumors that have colonized a distant location (metastasized), identifying the parental cell type can be difficult. Because the type of IF protein expressed is cell-type-specific, using monoclonal antibodies that react with only one type of IF protein can help in this identification. What IF proteins would you produce monoclonal antibodies against to identify (a) a sarcoma of muscle cell origin, (b) an epithelial cell carcinoma, and (c) an astrocytoma (glial cell tumor)?A tumor suppressor gene ___regulates the cell cycle; an example is _____. Select one: a. negatively, cyclin b. positively, retinoblastoma c. positively, p21 d. negatively, retinoblastoma e. positively, RAS
- Which of the following are charcteristics you would expect of a circulating tumor cell that has undergone Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (select all that apply)? A. Increased N-cahedrin expression B. Increased resistance to apoptosis C. Loss of ability to secrete fibronectin D. High cytokeratin expression E. Elevated PDGF Receptor Expression3) The tumor suppressor protein Rb regulation of the entry into the S phase of the cell cycle is represented in this diagram. DNA Answer: b) Explain your choice above: Answer: Rb E2F Genes needed for S phase are NOT transcribed Growth factor Ras pathway Cdk-cyclin 30 ATP ADP Phosphorylated Rb protein P Rb E2F Gene transcription a) In hereditary retinoblastoma tumors, Rb is mutated. Among the following mutations, which one is not likely to be found in these tumors. 1) Mutation prevents Rb to bind E2F by modifying the binding site. 2) Mutation prevents Rb to be dephosphorylated and recycled (possibly by prevented phosphorylated Rb to be recognized by the phosphatase that removes its phosphates). 3) Mutation may cause Rb to be misfolded and not have a functional conformation 4) Mutation that prevent Rb to be phosphorylated by cdk-cyclin. 5) Mutation may cause Rb to be unstable and degraded rapidly. c) (4 pts) Human papilloma virus (HPV) infections are the main causes of cervical cancers.…Cellular reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cells have allowed scientists to model various diseases and screen drugs in these in vitro models. Question: A drug that has been screened in cancer model through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Please explain in detail the main findings.
- In your own words, explain how cancer cells differ from normal cells in regard to the following: Molecular controls of the cell cycle (include Cdk and Cdk/cyclin complexes, p53 gene/protein, Rb gene/protein in response)1. True or Flase: Cells must only divide when they receive a signal to divide. 2. BRCA1 is a gene that codes for a tumor suppressor protein. If a person inherits a mutation in BRCA1, it greatly increases his or her risk of developing breast cancer. Are the cancer-causing mutations in the BRCA1 gene more likely to: a) increase expression of the gene b)decrease expression of the gene c)not affect the expression of the geneWhich of the following proteins would least likely promote arrest of cell division or apoptosis? Select one: a. superoxide b. p21 c. cyclin d. retinoblastoma e. p53 "cle HW due ov 3rd at 5pm Jump to... ( Next page cancer stem cells
