Mobilization of neutrophils to fight infection in tissue is mediated by all except which a. TNF-a production by macrophages b. upregulation of selectins on blood vessel endothelium c. interferon response d. generation of a CXCL8 gradient e. extravasation across endothelium f. proteolysis of basement membrane of blood vessels

Q: Concerning the adaptive immunity, which of the following statements is CORRECT:  a. The adaptive…

A: The adaptive immune response does not occur very rapidly. Unlike the innate immune response, which…

Q: Identify which of the following immune responses is pivotal to the killing and elimination of…

A: The helminths are a type of parasite that has a worm-like structure. They survive by feeding on the…

Q: which of the following is true about the immune system? check all that apply. a. cd8 t cells…

A: Introduction The main function of the immune system is to protect us from foreign substances and…

Q: Which molecule would you not expect to be produced by neutrophils? Select one: a. RIG-like…

A: Neutrophils These are the most abundant type of granulocytes. Neutrophils make up about 40% to 70%…

Q: Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding memory B cells? a. Memory B cells express…

A: B cells are a part of adaptive immune response. B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their…

Q: Which of the following is part of the second line of defense against pathogens? a. skin b. mucus…

A: The immune system is made up of special organs, cells and chemicals that fight infection (microbes).…

Q: will involve the secretion of which will induce intracellular microbial The activation of killing a.…

A: Cytotoxic T-cells,INF-gamma  Hence option (d) is correct . EXPLAINATION:- cytotoxic T cells kill…

Q: A. Kills diseased human cells B. Targets primarily eukaryotic pathogens and viruses C. Stimulates…

A: 1. Neutrophils- They constitute the majority of the white blood cells( 50℅- 70%). In response to…

Q: The following events occur in humoral immunity, leading to an activated B cell in a T dependent…

A: Humoral immunity is a crucial component of the immune system that involves the production of…

Q: complement

A: Option D is answer .    The presentation of the antigens to the T helper cells for their activation…

Q: What is one way that CD8+- cells are activated? A. by binding to a processed antigen on an MCH II…

A: White blood cells called CD8+ T cells are also referred to as cytotoxic T cells. These cells are…

Q: The following are steps in the cell-mediated inflammatory response. Put them in the correct order.…

A: Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response resulting from the activation of cells of immune-system…

Q: Which of the following cells is critically important in mounting an adaptive immune response?

A: Adaptive immune response is the response that is acquired by the body after exposure to a disease…

Q: Identify which of the following is not a characteristic of belatacept. a. contains part of CTLA4…

A: Belatacept is a new immunosuppressive therapy designed that improves the clinical outcomes of kidney…

Q: Organize the following steps in order of antibody production. A. CD40L-CD40 interaction turn on…

A: The process of antibody production begins with the activation of a CD4 T cell by a dendritic cell…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a involved in the CD8-T-cell killing of viral-infected cells? Select…

A: In order to understand the role that CD8-T cells play in viral infections, it is important to first…

Q: Antibodies can have multiple mechanisms of action. The main mechanism is "flagging" a foreign body…

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins that are produced by the immune system as a result of the…

Q: What do you think would happen if the saliva treatment of thestarch (cracker) was conducted under…

A: Enzymes are the molecules that speed up the rate of biological reactions. They work at a specific…

Q: Which of the following is not a function of antibodies? Select one: a. They neutralize pathogens by…

A: Introduction: The proteins that are produced in response to an antigen are called antibodies. It is…

Q: Systemic distribution of TNF-α in the blood circulation may cause _____. a. respiratory burst b.…

A: Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF alpha), is an inflammatory cytokine produced by…

Q: An example of innate immune cells are: A. Macrophages B. Dendritic cells C. T cells D. B cells…

A:

Q: is a mechanism of self-tolerance in which the lymphocyte will not achieve a full activation due to…

A: Lymphocyte is a kind of white blood cells present in immune system of jawed vertebrates.Lymphocytes…

Q: Which of the following statements regarding CD4 is incorrect? a. MHC class II molecules present…

A: CD4 could be a monomeric kind I transmembrane compound protein consisting of 4 Ig-like extracellular…

Q: Which of the following groups are not correctly matched? а. Neutrophils---antigen presenting cell b.…

A: Introduction: An immune system is a huge organization of cells and tissues that is continually…

Q: These types of T cells regulate the function of B cells, T cells, and phagocytes: a. Suppressor T…

A: T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes (more often known as T cells and B cells) are the types of…

Q: All of the following occur after B cells leave the bone marrow except a. peripheral tolerance b.…

A: The lymphoid cell production and maturation follow the transition from primary to secondary lymphoid…

Q: Which of these statements about gamma interferon is false? a. It is a polypeptide autocrine…

A: The interferon gamma is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of type II class of…

Q: in mediated by chemical substances. Use the following words to come up with the output connected by…

A: Because of harmful stimuli, there is the arousal of the biological response by the body tissues that…

Q: An important distinction between macrophages that populate the lamina propria of the gut and the…

A: Answer is c.) do not possess signaling receptors needed for production of inflammatory cytokines.

Q: Which of these events is not a part of the second line of defense? You may have more than one…

A: Our body has mainly three line of defence. Defensing foreign substances is important to ensure good…

Q: An adult who has been thymectomized will have a T-cell repertoire that _____. a. resembles a…

A: The answer is described in the next step:-

Q: Which of the following statements regarding intraepithelial lymphocytes is false? (Select all that…

A: BASIC INFORMATION IMMUNE SYSTEM  It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…

Q: Which of the following processes is not involved in central tolerance? Select one: A. Receptor…

A: Please follow step 2 for detailed explanation.

Q: Match the T-cell component in Column A with its description in Column B. Use each description only…

A: The match the column with respect to t cells are as follows:

Q: RIPK3 is a key modulator of necroptosis that

A: Necroptosis- The programmed form of necrosis or inflammatory cell death is called necroptosis.…

Q: When an immature dendritic cell becomes an activated dendritic cell, all of the following changes…

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: Which of the following is false about HLA class I molecules? A. They are encoded by multiple and…

A: INTRODUCTION HLA Human leukocyte antigen, when a cell is infected with virus or any harmful agent…

Q: Indicate to which branch(es) of the immune system the following statements apply, using H for the…

A: The human body may aim its defense against dangerous agents including bacteria, viruses, and poisons…

Q: The detrimental effects of Lupus erythematosis are initiated by A. activated T cells attacking…

A: Lupus erythematosus: It is an auto-immune disease, in which the human immune system kills its own…

Q: CD8 T cells in a culture are analyzed for their ability to produce the cytokine IFN-g, and the…

A: T cells are the essential component of immune system. These are developed in the bone marrow and…

Q: Identify which of the following statements regarding naive T cells is incorrect. a. Naive T cells…

A: T lymphocytes or T cells are the cells which are an essential part of the immune system. These cells…

Q: When endogenous antigens "blend in"( i.e establish a presence on the cell membrane) between the…

A: An antigen is a molecule that stimulates the production of an antibody to generate an immune…

Q: All of the following are characteristic of mannose-binding lectin except Select one: a. acts as an…

A: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a soluble protein that is produced by the liver and circulates in…

Q: When a helper T cell releases interleukin-1 to stimulate surrounding leukocytes, interleukin-1 is…

A: Several organs and processes of the body, which provide defiances from infection and toxins. The…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the immune system to fight multicellular…

A: Immunology is a section of biology that studies molecules, cells, and organs that build up the…

Q: Antigen-presenting cells make contact with T-cells via cellular junctions. Which of the following is…

A: There are different cell junctions that are present between the cells that help in cell…

Q: The primary role of complement control proteins that operate in the early stages of complement…

A: In response to antigenic stimulation, antibodies are produced which are immunoglobulins. The…

Q: The lymphatic system... A.Has a pumping mechanism to move fluid.  B. Includes areas of high…

A: Introduction:  The lymphatic system is the network of tissues, organs, and vessels that is…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.