Which of the following is NOT a involved in the CD8-T-cell killing of viral-infected cells? Select one: a. Recognition of the MHC Class I and viral-derived peptide on the surface of the target cell Ob. Reorientation of the intracellular cytoskeleton to move the cytotoxic granules toward the SMAC C. Release of perforin and granzymes onto the infected target cell d. Induction of apoptosis in the target cell by cleaving the nuclear DNA. Oe. Costimulation of CD8-T-cells with CD28/B7
Q: Draw a diagram of the specimen image, Cat, Mature Follicle, 100X. Label the mature oocytes and…
A: A female gametocyte or germ cell that participates in reproduction is called an oocyte, sometimes…
Q: Identify the molecule produce by the phosphorylation of ADP.
A: Energy is used by cells to carry out their essential tasks. Through the breakdown of organic…
Q: describes the process in the equation ATP+ H2O—->AMP+PP?
A: Introduction Adenosine Triphosphate is an energy-providing molecule used in driving almost all kinds…
Q: ACTIVITY: COMPARE THE THEORIES! DIRECTION: Identify either the theories are from DARWIN, LAMARCK or…
A: When Darwin and Lamarck were living in the 1800s, the majority of people did not believe that…
Q: The process of producing fats from acetyl co-A is called OA. glycolysis B. lipogenesis O c.…
A: Introduction :- A molecule known as acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is involved in a variety of…
Q: An animal's diet must provide it with
A: The majority of animals have relatively vast and complex nutritional requirements. Carbohydrates,…
Q: Suppose we have the following table in our goodness of fit test results: Variable/Condition…
A: Null hypothesis is used to conclude whether there is a relationship between two measure variables or…
Q: Expalin the way in which bacteria without flagella are called . And explain the basal body of…
A: Prokaryotic creatures are bacteria. They are all unicellular and tiny. The flagellum found in…
Q: The passage of the end products of digestion from the small intestine into the bloodstream O A.…
A: The passage of the end products of digestion from the small intestine into the blood stream is…
Q: Explain the structure and contents of the nucleus.
A: The cell contains a thick organelle called the nucleus. The genetic data is kept inside the cell.…
Q: Lipids a. serve as food reserves in many organisms b. include cartilage and chitin c. are composed…
A: Lipids are organic compounds insoluble in water. They include fats, waxes, oils.
Q: Which of the following is the distinguishing characteristic between fats and oils? O A. Identity of…
A: Given here are some statements regarding fats and oils and following is the distinguishing…
Q: Which of the following can occur in meiosis but not in mitosis? Haploid cells fuse to form diploid…
A: Introduction: Chromosomes are DNA-containing structures found in the nucleus of all cells. The…
Q: Identify the biochemical building blocks that are the component of cell. Provide unique solution.
A: Biomolecules are the most essential organic molecules, which are involved in the maintenance and…
Q: Describe What kingdoms consist of eukaryotes.
A: Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates are the main building blocks of both prokaryotes…
Q: Long Adenine and Thymine stretches are also to be avoided as these will “breath” and open up…
A: Introduction DNA acts as a genetic material in our body which passes from one generation to…
Q: The biosynthetic pathway for the two amino acides E and H is shown schematically in the Figure…
A: Feedback inhibition is a cellular control mechanism in which an enzyme's activity is inhibited by…
Q: Determine the term selectively permeable when membrane. referring to the plasma
A: The first level of control is provided by the lipid bilayer structure of the plasma membrane. The…
Q: Identify the component of plasma membrane that allows it to carry out its function.
A: Introduction: The plasma membrane is composed of lipid layers and cholesterol. The cell surface…
Q: This atom (group) is removed and converted to an ammonium ion, which ultimately is excreted from the…
A: The organs involved in the human excretory system make it easier to remove nitrogenous waste…
Q: For numbers 1 to 9, identify the type of experimental design. USE SMALL LETTERS ONLY AND SHOULD BE…
A: As per the guidelines, we are supposed to answer only three sub-parts. Kindly repost the question…
Q: The oxidation product of ketone bodies:
A: The loss of electrons during a reaction is known as oxidation.
Q: Recreational and backyard activities can build various components of fitness true or false?
A: Given ;-recreational activities and backyard activities can build various components of fitness…
Q: 1. Define and briefly describe the different classes of microorganisms (including the terms…
A: Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms with a single circular DNA strand, no nucleus, and no…
Q: Cells use to reactions, and to shuffle energy between catabolic reactions and anabolic to transfer…
A: Catabolsim is a metabolic chemical process used for breakdown of complex molecules to simple small…
Q: Genetic variation _______. (Choose an answer.) 1. is created by the direct action of natural…
A: The variation in DNA between individuals and communities is known as genetic variation. Mutations…
Q: Describe in detail the term gene .
A: The hereditary components are what make up the gene. Alleles, which are tiny genetic building blocks…
Q: Classify each phrase based on whether it describes or gives an example of passive transport,…
A: Diffusion is the net movement of anything from a high concentration region to a low concentration…
Q: Question 1 - Which dialysis tube(s) had little or no change in mass after the 24 hr period? Why?
A: In biology, homeostasis is the process of maintaining balance ( such as temperature, fluid balance…
Q: By observing flower color in 4 o’clock flowers, is it possible to unambiguously determine the…
A: Incomplete dominance Incomplete dominance is a kind of allelic interaction in which the dominant…
Q: Describe the cloning strategies that are mediated by homopolymers tailing, linkers and adaptors. How…
A: The cloning has the ability to produce a duplication of any biological cell by modified genetically.…
Q: the following are the functions of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? i) it hydrolyzes the host…
A: Retrovirus This virus uses RNA as its genomic material. This virus inserts a copy of its genome into…
Q: The order and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide determines what protein structure O A. non…
A: Introduction Amino acids are the organic compounds which contains amino group (−NH3+)and a…
Q: Which of the following is not a function of antibodies? Select one: a. They neutralize pathogens by…
A: The immune system uses antibodies, often referred to as immunoglobulins, to recognize and destroy…
Q: Distinguish between the flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
A: The flagellum found in bacteria is a helical-shaped structure made of the flagellin protein. The…
Q: Differentiate between the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis.
A: A process known as photosynthesis is essential to several living things. The word "photosynthesis"…
Q: Determine three basic components of the nucleotide of DNA.
A: Both RNA and DNA, also known as ribose nucleic acid and deoxyribose nucleic acid, are macromolecules…
Q: pesticides
A: Definition of Pesticide: Pesticides are the substances which are meant to control the pests.…
Q: What are the four divisions of the brain?
A: Introduction The brain is the organ of the central nervous system. It is responsible for the…
Q: Scientific Processes: How Can A Causal Question Be Answered? Directions: Examine the flow chart…
A: A causal question define the cause and effect question that is designed to check if the input…
Q: 3. What is the during: (one word per answer) phosphorylation state of Rb a) late Go phase? b) early…
A: Introduction :- Retinoblastoma protein, often known as pRb or Rb, is a tumour suppressor protein…
Q: Hemophilia is a X-linked/sex linked recessive trait in humans. The dominant allele (H) causes normal…
A: Himophilia is the disorder related to blood clotting. it is sex linked recessive disorder. So only…
Q: describe: The ways in which the chloroplast is similar to prokaryotes.
A: Greek words chloros, which means green, and plastes, which means one who produces, are the roots of…
Q: What argument convinced most scientists in the 1800s that Earth was more than 6,000 years old?…
A: Fossils are the remains of the organisms that were present on the earth in the past.
Q: A. Consider this cross before answering the following questions: A pea plant heterozygous for the…
A: Please follow step 2 for detailed explanation
Q: Statement 1: Glial cells functions to nourish, support, and regulate neurons Statement 2: Astrocytes…
A: According to biology's classical idea of the nervous system, a human's nervous system is a highly…
Q: n which situation would it make sense to use the morphological species concept? When you are…
A: Introduction : The fundamental unit of taxonomy used to categorise living things is the species. The…
Q: Elaborate the function of the Golgi complex.
A: Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates are the main building blocks of both prokaryotes…
Q: Cellule staminali
A: cells are the basic structural functional unit of life. stem cells are the specialised cells which…
Q: Is nucleus of meristem located in central zone or peripheral zone? Explain.
A: Introduction :- The apical meristem is an illustration of a primary meristem. The meristematic…
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Cytotoxic effector T cells also produce inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g and TNF-a when their T-cell receptor recognizes peptide:MHC on a target cell. One effect of this cytokine secretion is to enhance the ability of CD8 effector T cells to recognize and kill other infected cells in the nearby vicinity. This enhanced activity is due to: The increased production of perforin and granzymes by CD8 cells The up-regulation of MHC class I protein expression by IFN-g The ability of TNF-a to induce vascular leakage The effect of cytokines on promoting target cell apoptosis The effect of IFN-g to enhance viral replication leading to increased viral antigen presentationSome viruses have mechanisms to down-regulate MHC class I protein expression on the surface of cells in which the virus is replicating. This immune evasion strategy might prevent effector CD8 cytotoxic T cells from recognizing and killing the virus-infected cells. Would this immune evasion strategy also prevent the initial activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells? Yes, because no viral peptide:MHC class I complexes would form to activate CD8 T cells. No, because dendritic cells would take up infected cells and cross-present viral peptides to activate CD8 T cells. No, because some presentation of MHC class I complexes with viral peptides would occur before the virus could down-regulate all the surface MHC class I protein. Yes, because this immune evasion strategy would also function in dendritic cells, even if the virus doesn’t replicate in dendritic cells. No, because the type I interferon response induced by the virus infection will up-regulate MHC class I expression and override the…Which of the following statements are true for antigen presentation. a. Antigen presentation means that other cells attach the pathogen first and present it to T cells. b. Antigen-presenting cells display protein fragments, resulting from the digestion of the pathogen, in complex with MHC receptor to B cells c. Antigen presenting cells display protein fragments, resulting from the digestion of the pathogen, in complex with MHC receptor on their surface. d. Antigen-presenting cells are phagocytic cells e. Antigen presentation is required for T cell activation f. Cytokines released by macrophages are required for T cell activation g. T cell receptors recognize the MHC receptors in complex with antigen fragments displayed by antigen-presenting cells. h. Phagocytic cells are involved in innate immunity. Therefore they have no role in T-cell activation
- CD8 T cells in a culture are analyzed for their ability to produce the cytokine IFN-g, and the numbers of IFN-g-producing CD8 T cells are quantified. As a control, T cells are also stimulated with an irrelevant non-viral peptide (ova) plus dendritic cells. The results are shown in the figure below. Why is the T cell response different between the two lymph node populations?The diagram shows a pathogen (in red) that is present in different cellular compartments of each of the cell types shown. In each case, a specific T cell subset will recognize peptides of that pathogen presented on MHC molecules on the surface of the cell, and will execute its effector function. From the list below, match the appropriate T cell effector response to the cell type and location of the pathogen. CD4 T cell killing of target cell CD8 T cell killing of target cell CD4 T cell activation of target cell’s antibody production CD8 T cell activation of target cell’s antibody production CD4 T cell activation of target cell’s ability to kill intracellular pathogen CD8 T cell activation of target cell’s ability to kill intracellular pathogenSomatic cells can display antigen [small peptides] and present them to the body’s immunesystem via their MHC/HLA receptor displays. Discuss the paths for MHC/HLA1 vs. MHC/HLA2display. How do these two paths fit into the health of the body, and the response of theimmune system to normal/disease/infection?
- B cells express a complement receptor that binds to C3b cleavage products, such as iC3b and C3dg. When a B cell with an antigen receptor that specifically recognizes that pathogen also has its complement receptor stimulated because the pathogen is opsonized with these C3 fragments, B cell activation is greatly enhanced. Due to this mechanism, B cells can be activated by much lower concentrations of antigen (in this case, the pathogen) than if the antigen is devoid of complement components. This mechanism functions to: Ensure that pathogens are readily detected by the adaptive immune system before they replicate to high levels in the host Prevent B cells from being activated in response to antigens that are not pathogens Allow B cells to phagocytose the pathogen and help destroy it Induce increased rounds of B cell replication to make more pathogen-specific B cells Allow the B cell to block pathogen replication by interfering with multiple pathogen surface functionsWhat is the function of tapasin? Select one: a. Tapasin is an antagonist of HLA-DM and causes more significant increases in MHC class I than MHC class II on the cell surface. b. Tapasin is a lectin that binds to sugar residues on MHC class I molecules, T-cell receptors, and immunoglobulins and retains them in the ER until their subunits have adopted the correct conformation. c. Tapasin is a thiol-reductase that protects the disulfide bonds of MHC class I molecules. d. Tapasin participates in peptide editing by trimming the amino terminus of peptides to ensure that the fit between peptide and MHC class II molecules is appropriate. e. Tapasin is a bridging protein that binds to both TAP and MHC class I molecules and facilitates the selection of peptides that bind tightly to MHC class I molecules.A number of minor cancerous cells and infected viruses, such as Epstein Barr (EBV), are able to go undetected by cytotoxic T cell degradation by what possible mechanism? a. the production of normal class I MHC molecule b. helper T cell activation c. the deactivation of the complement system d. tumor antigen expression e. the production of the class II major histocompatability (MHC) moledule
- Virus infections induce production of interferons that act on infected cells to enhance their recognition by CD8 cytotoxic T cells. To counter these mechanisms, viruses often encode proteins that interfere with antigen processing and presentation. In an experiment, cells infected with Virus X are treated with interferon and compared with uninfected cells treated with interferon. Proteasomes are isolated from the two cell populations and their enzymatic activities are compared. The data in figure below show the amino acid preferences for cleavage of peptides by the two samples of proteasomes. Based on these data, Virus X most likely encodes a protein that interferes with: The expression of MHC class I on the surface of the infected cell The rate at which peptides are produced from intact proteins in the infected cell The transport of peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum in the infected cell The replacement of constitutive proteasome subunits with immunoproteasome…The following events occur in humoral immunity, leading to an activated B cell in a T dependent manner. Of the steps listed below, which would be step number 5 in the process. Hint: only include these steps in the numbering...order the steps and select which one is #5 A. secretion of cytokines by Th B. Receptor mediated endocytosis C. B cell receptors recognize and bind to an antigen D. Recognition by Th E. Digestion and processing of the antigen by the B cell F. Display of the antigen along with MHC proteinsThe B-cell co-receptor, composed of CD19/CD21/CD81, is a receptor that binds to complement fragments such as C3dg. When an antigen bound by the BCR on a B cell has also been tagged with C3dg, the B-cell co-receptor is stimulated together with the BCR. Signaling through the co-receptor inhibits BCR signaling by leading to PIP3 dephosphorylation. inhibits BCR signaling by leading to ITAM dephosphorylation. enhances BCR signaling by recruiting and activating PI 3-kinase. enhances BCR signaling by bringing the Src kinase together with Ig-a and Ig-ß.