GPCR: What would the following mutation mean for the status of the signaling pathway, and the generation of cAMP from ATP? 1) G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Loss of Function, in combination with Gain of function of PKA catalytic subunitsa) Pathway ON (final output achieved)b) Pathway OFF (no final output)c) cAMP generatedd) cAMP not generated 2) G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Gain of Function, in combination with Loss of function of PKA catalytic subunitsa) Pathway ON (final output achieved)b) Pathway OFF (no final output)c) cAMP generatedd) cAMP not generated

GPCR: What would the following mutation mean for the status of the signaling pathway, and the generation of cAMP from ATP? 1) G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Loss of Function, in combination with Gain of function of PKA catalytic subunitsa) Pathway ON (final output achieved)b) Pathway OFF (no final output)c) cAMP generatedd) cAMP not generated 2) G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Gain of Function, in combination with Loss of function of PKA catalytic subunitsa) Pathway ON (final output achieved)b) Pathway OFF (no final output)c) cAMP generatedd) cAMP not generated

Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781337392938

Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Publisher:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Chapter6: Cell Communication

Section6.3: Reception

Problem 2C

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RTK: What would the following double mutations mean for the status of the signaling pathway, and the phosphorylation of MAPKK (MEK)? 1. Ligand is bound to the receptor; MAPK T120A mutation (T120 is normally phosphorylated by MAPKK) a) Pathway ON (final output is achieved) b) Pathway OFF (no final output) c) Phosphorylation of MAPKK MEK d) NO Phosphorylation of MAPKK MEK 2) Ligand is not bound to the receptor; MAPKKK T132E mutation (T132 is normally phosphorylated by Ras) a) Pathway ON (final output is achieved) b) Pathway OFF (no final output) c) Phosphorylation of MAPKK MEK d) NO Phosphorylation of MAPKK MEK
Activation of certain GPCRs triggers an intracellular signaling mechanism that involves activation of adenlyl cyclase and an increase of cAMP. Which of the following statements best describes the the events that follow such a cAMP increase? a.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase C. b.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of the release of the gamma subunit from the GPCR. c.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase A.
1a) Create a diagram which illustrates the typical signaling mechanism of action G protein-coupled receptors and possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways that are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can for a novel pathway.
E: Using either GPCRs (G-protein couples receptors) or RTKs (Receptor tyrosine kinases), describe: 1. How ligand binding activates the receptor. Ex: which proteins are involved? what changes can occur to the receptor after binding the ligand? 2. A signal transduction pathway that occurs due to the ligand binding (must include a secondary messenger). 3. Any cellular response due to the ligand binding. 4. A way that the signal pathway is regulated.
In which of the following signaling pathways does ligand binding induce the phosphorylation of the receptor molecules? (Check all that apply.) A The TGF-beta pathway. B The Hedgehog/smoothened pathway. The Notch/Delta pathway. D) The Receptor-tyrosine kinase pathway. E) The canonical Wnt pathway.
Explain how mutations in the R or C subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) might lead to (a) a constantly active PKA or (b) a constantly inactive PKA.
. which of the following statements about heterotrimetric G proteins and their receptors is incorrect? A: when GTP binds to the alpha subunit of the G protein, the beta-gamma subunit dissociates from the alpha subunit B: G-protein coupled receptors contain nine transmembrane alpha helices C: binding of arrestin causes removal of the receptor from the membrane D: G protein- coupled receptors may be desensitized by serine phosphorylation I had chosen option A and got it wrong. What is the Correct answer and explain how it is. Also, where did i go wrong in choosing option A?
Why do we need to identify and determine the function of every single molecule involved in cell signalling? Provide one concrete example of an application of an elucidated cascade of events in cell signalling. (The answer should be no less than 300 words)
RTKs are receptors made of an extracellular ligand binding domain and an intracellular kinase domain (see image). Insulin binds to its RTK Insulin receptor, causing an increase in glucose absorption and storage in liver cells. EGF binds to its own RTK, EGFR and promotes cell growth through the Ras pathway. a) Explain why the same type of tyrosine kinase in two RTKs can lead to very different cellular responses. Give an example of potential cellular outputs for each of these two RTKs.
Cellular signaling follows a cascade of events and has multiple points of regulation. Which of the following could be a reason(s) why a signalling cascade is interrupted, or turned 'off', once it has been turned 'on'? A) a protein gets tagged with an ubiqutin group and gets degraded B) a chemical modification occurred on serine, threonine, or tyrosine side chains to turn on/off proteins C) allosteric regulation causes an active site to be hidden D) All of the other answers are correct E) The ligand is prevented from reaching the binding site
You are studying the role of CAMP in cell signaling. You hypothesize that 2 intracellular signaling proteins, named GO and TIGERS, interact with each other when cells are treated with an extracellular source of CAMP. The two proteins were tagged with CFP or YFP (CFP = cyan fluorescent protein; YFP = yellow fluorescent protein). CFP is excited by 435 nm light and emits lights at 480 nm. YFP is excited by 480 nm light and emits light at 535 nm. 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 600 Fluorescence 400 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 Fluorescence Intensity 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 Figure Legend. A. Cells expressing GO-CFP irradiate with 435 nm light. B. Cells expressing TIGERS-YFP and irradiated with 435 nm light. C. Cells expressing TIGERS- YFP and irradiated with 480 nm light. D. Cells expressing GO-CFP and TIGERS-YFP and irradiated with 435 nm light. E. Cells expressing GO-CFP and…
Endothelins are 21-amino acid vasoconstricting peptides produced primarily in the endothelium. They have an important role in vascular homeostasis. Endothelin activates G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) ETA or ETB on a target cell. Which subunit of heterotrimeric G protein is released when the receptor is activated? a.) gamme b.) beta c.) alpha