Is protein kinase A a second messenger in the adenylate cyclase pathway?

Q: Explain how a kinase cascade works. Why is this advantageous in the context of hormone signaling?

A: When a signalling molecule (ligand) binds to the receptors on another another cell, a cascade of…

Q: Suppose that a G protein undergoes a mutation that allows the exchange of bound GTP for GDP to occur…

A: Receptors are the structures made up of proteins that are responsible for receiving and transducing…

Q: How Are Signaling Pathways Organized and Integrated?

A: Signalling pathways are the pathway which provides interaction between two cells. They release…

Q: What is Disruption of Neuromuscular Signaling?

A: A disease is a state of unhealthiness of the physical body, mind and social interaction. A disease…

Q: What are the three steps by which receptor tyrosine kinases typically convey an extracellular signal…

A: Answer :  The three steps involved are :- Step1) Ligand Reduction : The receptors present in the…

Q: Which isoform of creatinine kinase is found in Muscle?.

A: Isoenzymes are enzyme that have different subunit composition, different amino acid sequence but…

Q: CK1-41 is a non-competitive inhibitor of caspase-1. Explain.

A: Caspases are those proteases which have cysteine protease catalytic triad nucleophile activity and…

Q: What are kinases and what is their role in two-componentregulatory systems?

A: An alteration in the surrounding environment causes the bacterial cells to respond by changing their…

Q: What is the relative inhibition of the kinase if the substrate concentration equals Ks And the…

A: Enzymes are protein molecules that increase the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation…

Q: We've discussed many pathways that involve G protein coupled receptors this semester, including…

A: From the environment, living organisms have been receiving and interpreting signals. To keep the…

Q: Discuss Signaling by Receptors that Interact with Cytoplasmic Janus Kinases?

A: Receptors are the surface proteins found on the plasma membrane of a cell. Receptors bind with the…

Q: Pathways that use cyclic AMP as a second messenger typically involve ... O a) activation of…

A: Secondary messengers are the intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell to trigger…

Q: Draw the general structural features of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)

A: G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) are one of the most largest and diverse group of receptors found…

Q: What are Pathways Initiated by Water-Soluble Messengers?

A: Introduction  Signals can be classified into two based on their chemical properties: Hydrophobic…

Q: What is the role of lipidated proteins in G-protein-coupled receptors during signal transduction?

A: G-protein coupled receptor refers to the cell surface receptor that recognizes molecules (ligand)…

Q: Which of the following statements describes the signal amplification that results from activation of…

A: G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) are integral membrane proteins which transmits or converts the…

Q: Activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) stimulate protein-protein interactions.   True…

A: PI3K or phosphatidylinositol-3Kinase is a protein, which involves the family of an enzyme that…

Q: What is the benefit of using second messengers and phosphorylation cascades during the transduction…

A: Cell signaling involves the transmission of a signal from a sending cell to a receiving cell. Cells…

Q: What are G-protein-coupled receptors? Explain their function in regard to how particular…

A: Cell surface receptors are the proteins embedded in the membrane. These are integral membrane…

Q: What does Calmodulin-dependent protein kinases lead to?

A: Transferases are a class of enzymes that facilitate transferring groups from one molecule to…

Q: What are the three main parts of a signaling pathway? Give a detailed specific example, such as how…

A: Cell signaling is part of the cellular communication process that regulates the basic activities of…

Q: What does guanylyl cyclase convert GTP into?

A: The study of chemical reactions that occurs within living organisms is called biochemistry. This…

Q: What are kinases and what do they do?

A: Enzymes are the various biologically active proteins that catalyze various metabolic processes in…

Q: When a G-coupled receptor is activated, does the By subunit activate any pathways? If yes, describe…

A: G-protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs) are the largest family of cell-surface receptors. The…

Q: Why Signal transduction pathways differ between lipid-soluble and water-soluble messengers?

A: Hormones are molecules that are created and released by glands in the endocrine system (also known…

Q: Explain Ca21 as a Second Messenger?

A: Introduction  Calcium is a very important ion present intracellularly. It controls various processes…

Q: Can you please describe the role of G proteins in ligand-activated cellular signal transduction.

A: G-proteins are present as transmembrane receptors embedded in the cell membrane. The ligand molecule…

Q: How do studies of brain development in knockout mice support the statement that apoptosis is a…

A: Apotopsis is a process of programmed cell death. It is a process in which the cell division is…

Q: Under what conditions might receptor up-regulation occur? receptor down-regulation?

A: Signaling molecules bind to the receptors present in their target cells.

Q: The name of the enzyme that recognizes phosphotyrosines on an activated tyrosine kinase receptor in…

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for molecules such as…

Q: Phosphatidylethanolamine and PIP2 containing identical fatty acyl residues can be hydrolyzed with…

A: Introduction: Proteins have a different structure and play verities of functions. Half of the dry…

Q: How can cAMP’s activation of a single molecule?

A: Introduction  cAMP (Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate) is a secondary messenger which gets produced in…

Q: Explain how an indirect neurotransmitter receptor mechanism (like A-G linked receptor) conduct cell…

A: neurotransmitters are chemical messenger that are capable of carrying, amplifying, and…

Q: What class of enzyme catalyzes each of the two steps that convert tryptophan to serotonin?

A: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that was synthesized by tryptophan by two steps enzymatic reaction.…

Q: What role does phosphorylation of tyrosine residues play in the action of receptor proteins?

A: Tyrosine phosphorylation is the addition of phosphate group to the amino acid tyrosine on a protein.…

Q: What are G-protein-coupled receptors?

A: Introduction  Hormones are the chemical compounds crucial for life. Chemically they can be either…

Q: What is a protein kinase, and what is its role in a signaltransduction pathway?

A: Enzymes are the biological catalysts which are proteinaceous in nature. The function of an enzyme is…

Q: The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by(A) dimerization and…

A: Tyrosine kinases receptors (RTKs) are the cell surface receptors which can identify polypeptide…

Q: What happens when cAMP binds to the kinase?

A: cAMP is cyclic AMP ( adenosine monophosphate), cAMP used in intracellular signal transduction as…

Q: Protein kinase A activates phosphorylase kinase, which in turn activates glycogen phosphorylase.…

A: Introduction Protein kinase A (PKA) is an enzyme family whose function is determined by cellular…

Q: How does the binding of cAMP activate the kinase

A: Kinase is an enzyme that catalyses the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy,…

Q: How does phosphorylation differ between the kinase-catalyzed reactions and the reaction catalyzed by…

A: Phosphorylation is a process of adding the phosphate group to the biomolecule which was taken from…

Q: What is cAMP-dependent protein kinase?

A: In contrast to kinases that modify lipids, carbohydrates, or other molecules, a protein kinase…

Q: . AMPK and MTOR can both be considered intracellular signal integrators. Explain this definition.

A: The mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)  is a kinase encoded by MTOR gene in humans. AMPK (5' AMP…

Q: The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by   a. dimerization and…

A: Tyrosine kinases are enzymes that involve in the phosphorylation of amino acid tyrosine. Kinases use…

Q: AMPK and mTOR can both be considered intracellular signal integrators. Explain this definition.

A: A cell responds to its environment by action of enzyme cascades. This signaling is an ability of…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.